Chapter 20 (Exam 5)

Question 1

____ is the actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs.

Answer 1

Alveoli

Question 2

____ makes up the respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces.

Answer 2

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Question 3

4 things that would happen if the type II pneumocytes of the lungs are damaged.

Answer 3

Loss of surfactant
Decreased rate of gas exchange
Increased surface tension in the alveoli
Increased tendency to alveolar collapse

Question 4

The ____ makes up the layers through which the respiratory gases diffuse.

Answer 4

Alveolar Capillary Membrane

Question 5

____ occurs across the respiratory membrane?

Answer 5

Gas exchange

Question 6

____ states that gas volume is inversely proportional to pressure?

Answer 6

Boyle’s law

Question 7

The function of ____ is to maintain adequate alveolar ventilation.

Answer 7

Pulmonary Ventilation

Question 8

Which is greater?
Partial pressure of O2 in atmospheric air?
or
Partial pressure of O2 in the alveoli?

Answer 8

Partial pressure of O2 in atmospheric air.

Question 9

____ states that if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down.

Answer 9

Boyle’s Law of Gasses

Question 10

Air moves in/out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is greater than the pressure in the atmosphere?

Answer 10

Out

Question 11

What happens to the volume of the thorax when the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract?

Answer 11

Increases

Question 12

____ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.

Answer 12

Tidal volume

Question 13

____ states that the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas?

Answer 13

Henry’s law

Question 14

____ states that in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.

Answer 14

Dalton’s law

Question 15

____ is the process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the bold and interstitial fluids.

Answer 15

Internal respiration

Question 16

____ involves the diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood.

Answer 16

External respiration

Question 17

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is bound to ____.

Answer 17

hemoglobin

Question 18

Which would be greater?
The percent of O2 saturation of hemoglobin when pH is 7.2
or
The percent of O2 saturation of hemoglobin when pH is 7.6

Answer 18

The percent of O2 saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6.

Question 19

The effectiveness of ____ increases with low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2.

Answer 19

Internal respiration

Question 20

____ would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues?

Answer 20

Decreased pH

Question 21

According to the ____, if the ph decreased, hemoglobin releases more oxygen.

Answer 21

Bohr effect

Question 22

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as ____.

Answer 22

Bicarbonate ions

Question 23

____ are thin and delicate squamous epithelial cells

Answer 23

Type 1 pneumocytes

Question 24

During inhalation, the pressure inside the lungs is ____ the the pressure outside the body.

Answer 24

Less

Question 25

Inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive in what type of breathing.

Answer 25

Quiet breathing

Question 26

____ is the condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli.

Answer 26

Respiratory distress syndrome

Question 27

What system is responsible for gas exchange?

Answer 27

Respiratory

Question 28

____ is the absorption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by tissue cells?

Answer 28

Internal respiration

Question 29

____ refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Answer 29

Pulmonary ventilation

Question 30

Name 4 muscles that might be recruited to increase inspired volume?

Answer 30

Sternocleidomastoid Pectoralis minor Scalenes Serratus anterior

Question 31

The partial pressure of oxygen in systemic arterial blood is approximately ____.

Answer 31

95 mm Hg

Question 32

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the venous blood is approximately ____.

Answer 32

45 mm Hg

Question 33

Which is greater? The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temp is 38 degrees centigrade. or The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temp is 43 degrees centigrade.

Answer 33

38 degrees centigrade

Question 34

____ is in RBC's, is an enzyme, can increase the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma, and can convert carbon dioxide into carbonic acid.

Answer 34

Carbonic anhydrase

Question 35

The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the ____.

Answer 35

Inspiratory center of the DRG

Question 36

Prolonged deep inspirations can result from stimulating the ____ center.

Answer 36

Apneustic

Question 37

____ provides stimulation to the DRG to promote inhalation.

Answer 37

Apneustic Centers of the pons

Question 38

Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ____ muscles.

Answer 38

Internal Intercostal muscles

Question 39

____ is calculated by multiplying the respiratory rate, f, by the tidal volume, Vt.

Answer 39

Respiratory minute volume, Ve

Question 40

____ refers to the amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute.

Answer 40

Alveolar ventilation

Question 41

____ equals the respiratory rate x (tidal volume - anatomic dead space)

Answer 41

Alveolar ventilation rate

Question 42

____ occurs due to the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

Answer 42

Emphysema

Question 43

____ affects accessory inspiratory and expiratory muscles.

Answer 43

Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)

Question 44

____ is in the pons and inhibits the apneustic center.

Answer 44

Pneumotaxic center

Question 45

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is ____.

Answer 45

Carbon Dioxide

Question 46

____ are squamous epithelial cels that are unusually thin and delicate and are the sites of gas diffusion.

Answer 46

Type 1 pneumocytes

Question 47

____ are scattered amount the squamous cells, and produce surfactant.

Answer 47

Type 2 pneumocytes

Question 48

____ is an oily secretion containing a mixture of phospholipids and proteins that forms a superficial coating over a thin layer of water.

Answer 48

Surfactant

Question 49

____ patrol the epithelial surface and phagocytize any particulate matter that has eluded other respiratory defenses and reached the alveolar surfaces.

Answer 49

Roaming alveolar macrophages

Question 50

Gas exchange occurs across the ____.

Answer 50

Respiratory membrane

Question 51

____ includes all the processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body's interstitial fluid and the external environment.

Answer 51

External Respiration

Question 52

____ is the absorption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by tissue cells.

Answer 52

Internal Respiration

Question 53

____ involves the physical movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Answer 53

Pulmonary Ventilation/Breathing

Question 54

_____ is the movement of air into and out of the alveoli.

Answer 54

Alveolar Ventilation

Question 55

____ is considered low tissue oxygen levels and places severe limits on the metabolic activities.

Answer 55

Hypoxia

Question 56

____ refers to the supply of oxygen being cut off completely.

Answer 56

Anoxia

Question 57

____ is the amount of air you move into or out of your lungs during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.

Answer 57

Resting Tidal Volume Vt

Question 58

If you multiply the respirator rate (breaths per minute) by the tidal volume, you get ____. f x Vt = ____.

Answer 58

Respiratory Minute Volume | Ve

Question 59

Respiratory rate at rest averages how many breaths per minute/

Answer 59

12

Question 60

Tidal volume at rest averages around how many mL per breath.

Answer 60

500 mL

Question 61

The air that never reaches the alveoli but remains in the conducting portion of the lungs is called ____.

Answer 61

Anatomic dead space | Vd

Question 62

How to calculation alveolar ventilation? Va

Answer 62

``` Breaths per minute x (Tidal volume - Anatomic dead space) F x (Vt - Vd) = Va ```

Question 63

The ____ of a gas is the pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture of gases.

Answer 63

Partial pressure

Question 64

What is the percentage of O2 in partial pressure?

Answer 64

20.9%

Question 65

What is the percentage of CO2 in partial pressure?

Answer 65

.04 %

Question 66

Name 4 things that influence gas exchange?

Answer 66

Partial pressure Solubility of the gas Thickness of the capillary membrane Surface area

Question 67

Oxygen is transported in the blood with ____

Answer 67

Hemoglobin

Question 68

What is the oxygen specifically attached to in the heme unit?

Answer 68

The iron ions

Question 69

____ is an indication of how much force is required to inflate or deflate the lungs.

Answer 69

Resistance

Question 70

____ is an indication of the expandability of the lungs.

Answer 70

Compliance

Question 71

____ is a general term indicating a progressive disorder of the airways that restricts airflow and reduces alveolar ventilation.

Answer 71

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Question 72

____ is a condition characterized by conducting passageways that are extremely sensitive to irritation.

Answer 72

Asthma

Question 73

____ is a long-term inflammation and swelling of the bronchial lining, leading to overproduction of mucous secretions.

Answer 73

Chronic bronchitis

Question 74

____ is a chronic, progressive condition characterized by shortness of breath and in inability to tolerate physical exertion.

Answer 74

Emphysema