Chapter 19 (Exam 4)

Question 1

____ is responsible for defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats.

Answer 1

Lymphoid system

Question 2

The lymphocytes are most important in doing what?

Answer 2

Fighting infection

Question 3

____ are produced and stored in lymph node organs, lymphoid nodules, the spleen, tonsils, and the thymus.

Answer 3

Lymphocytes

Question 4

The lymph, lymph nodes, the spleen, and lymphatic vessels make up what system?

Answer 4

Lymphoid System

Question 5

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by what?

Answer 5

Thoracic duct

Question 6

T is to ________ as B is to ________.

Answer 6

Thymus-dependent

Bone marrow-derived

Question 7

Lymphocytes respond to what?

Answer 7

Antigens

Question 8

Which lymphocytes migrate throughout the body, moving through peripheral tissues in search of abnormal cells?

Answer 8

NK cells

Question 9

Which lymphocytes are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity?

Answer 9

B cells

Question 10

Which cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity?

Answer 10

Mature T cells

Question 11

3 functions of the lymph nodes?

Answer 11

Remove debris and pathogens from the lymph.
Detect Pathogens
Monitor the contents of lymph.

Question 12

How do lymphoid organs differ from lymphoid tissue?

Answer 12

Lymphoid organs are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and the tissues aren’t.

Question 13

____are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.

Answer 13

Tonsils

Question 14

Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the ____.

Answer 14

Bone Marrow

Question 15

____ produces T cells, reaches its greatest relative size before puberty, lies in the anterior mediastinum, and involutes after puberty.

Answer 15

Thymus gland

Question 16

If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of?

Answer 16

T cells

Question 17

Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as?

Answer 17

White pulp

Question 18

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the____?

Answer 18

Phagocytes

Question 19

The skin, interferon, complement, and inflammation are all part of what defense?

Answer 19

Nonspecific defense

Question 20

4 things that act as physical barriers to infection.

Answer 20

Body hair
Epithelium
Basement Membranes
Secretions

Question 21

Various types of macrophages are derived from ____.

Answer 21

Monocytes

Question 22

____ is a system of circulating proteins that assists antibodies in the destruction of pathogens.

Answer 22

Complement

Question 23

____ are abundant, mobile, and quick to phagocytize cellular debris or invading bacteria?

Answer 23

Neutrophils

Question 24

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ____ cells.

Answer 24

NK

Question 25

The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the complement protein binds to what?

Answer 25

An antibody attached to an antigen.

Question 26

____ are secreted by T cells and NK cells, and stimulate macrophage activity?

Answer 26

Gamma interferons

Question 27

Which action of the complement system increases the degree of inflammation and accelerates blood flow to the region?

Answer 27

Release of histamine

Question 28

____ is a nonspecific defense mechanism that increases the resistance of cells to viral infection and slows the spread of disease?

Answer 28

Interferons

Question 29

3 effects of the compliment system.

Answer 29

Histamine release Enhanced phagocytosis Destruction of target cell plasma membranes Stimulation of inflammation

Question 30

____ increases blood flow and vascular permeability.

Answer 30

Histamine

Question 31

4 effects of the increased blood flow and vascular permeability caused by histamine?

Answer 31

Swelling of the inflamed tissue. Movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space. Heat of the inflamed tissue. Redness of the inflamed tissue.

Question 32

____ is triggered when mast cells release histamine and heparin.

Answer 32

Inflammatory response

Question 33

The release of ____ by active macrophages would produce a fever

Answer 33

Endogenous pyrogen (or interleukin-1)

Question 34

____ activate T cells, display antigen fragments, and process antigens.

Answer 34

Antigen-presenting cells

Question 35

Newborns gain their immunity initially from where?

Answer 35

Antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother.

Question 36

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.

Answer 36

Innate

Question 37

In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of ____.

Answer 37

Passive immunity

Question 38

Class II MHC molecules are found only on what?

Answer 38

Lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

Question 39

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by ____.

Answer 39

Specific immunity

Question 40

When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a ________ cell.

Answer 40

Cytotoxic T

Question 41

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell.

Answer 41

CD4 T

Question 42

Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells by activating genes that trigger what?

Answer 42

Apoptosis

Question 43

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells.

Answer 43

Cytotoxic T

Question 44

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of ____.

Answer 44

Helper T cells

Question 45

The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ________ cells.

Answer 45

Plasma

Question 46

____ and ____ can only be activated by exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane.

Answer 46

T cells | B cells

Question 47

____ activate sensitized B cells by costimulation, enhance cell-mediated immunity, secrete cytokines to stimulate production of plasma cells, and enhance antibody-mediated immunity.

Answer 47

Helper T cells

Question 48

Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are ____.

Answer 48

IgE

Question 49

The most abundant type of antibody is ____.

Answer 49

IgG

Question 50

Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection, are ____.

Answer 50

IgM

Question 51

Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as saliva and tears are ____.

Answer 51

IgA

Question 52

In ____, the antigen binding site is formed by the variable segment of the light chain + the variable segment of the heavy chain.

Answer 52

IgG

Question 53

____ can result in neutralization of the antigen, agglutination or precipitation, complement activation and opsonization.

Answer 53

Binding of an Antigen to an Antibody

Question 54

Which mechanism results in a coating of antibodies and complement proteins that increases the effectiveness of phagocytosis?

Answer 54

Opsonization

Question 55

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.

Answer 55

Naturally acquired active

Question 56

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.

Answer 56

Naturally acquired passive

Question 57

The production of ____ involves bone marrow, thymus tissue, and peripheral lymphoid tissues.

Answer 57

Lymphocytes

Question 58

____ is the class of antibody first secreted in response to a new antigen.

Answer 58

IgM

Question 59

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects ____ cells

Answer 59

Helper T