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BMS 110 > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q

*DNA (in nucleus) to mRNA (moves from nucleus to cytoplasm) to protein (in cytoplasm)
*DNA -> RNA -> Protein

A

flow of information
central dogma

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2
Q

Made of Nucleic acids

A

DNA

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3
Q

Nucleotides make what?

A

Nucleic Acids

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4
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A

DNA

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5
Q

Ribonucleic Acid

A

RNA

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6
Q

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine

A

DNA

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7
Q

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil

A

RNA

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8
Q

Purine (A&G) and Pyrimidine (T&C)

A

Two Forms of Nucleotides in DNA

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9
Q

2 hydrogen bonds

A

A-T

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10
Q

3 hydrogen bonds

A

G-C

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11
Q

is arranged in a double helix

A

DNA nucleotides

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12
Q

Double Helix discovered by

A

Watson and Crick

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13
Q

dictates sequences on one strand

A

complementary base pairing

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14
Q

these can line up in any order on a strand

A

nucleotides

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15
Q

5’- G C A C C A A T A - 3’
3’- C G T G G T T A T - 5’

A

complementary base pairing

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16
Q

nucleotide sequence in a DNA molecule that codes for a specific polypeptide chain

A

Gene

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17
Q

Genes consist of two strands, what are they?

A

coding and template

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18
Q

carry information for making proteins in our body

A

DNA

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19
Q

information for making proteins is organized into localized regions along DNA molecule called what?

A

genes

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20
Q

Each ______ has information for making a protein or RNA

A

gene

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21
Q

Each ____ molecule has many genes

A

DNA

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22
Q

There are about how many genes in the human body?

A

~ 23,000

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23
Q

These areas may have some other function; some areas of DNA do not have instructions for making RNA or Protein and are not

A

genes

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24
Q

DNA molecules are called what when dividing?

A

chromosomes

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25
have 23 pairs of chromosomes and 46 chromosomes in total
Human Cells
26
process of copying DNA prior to cell division
DNA replication
27
this and other proteins unwind DNA Molecule
Helicase
28
catalyzing the reaction that puts monomers together, making polymers
polymerase
29
use one molecule of DNA as a template
semiconservative replication
30
DNA repair is carried out by _____________ and other _______
DNA Polymerase and enzymes
31
small-scale change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene
Gene Mutation
32
Specific nucleotides for _______, which are hydrogen molecules bonded together
base pairs
33
DNA to RNA
transcription
34
These processes convert DNA information into proteins
transcription and translation
35
gene serves as a template for RNA synthesis, occurs in the nucleus using RNA polymerase
transcription
36
joins nucleotides together until termination sequence is reached; begins at promoter region
RNA Polymerase
37
sequences for the proteins
exons
38
Pre-mRNA contains what?
Introns and Exons
39
Each cell determines which genes are ...?
active or inactive
40
*speed up or halt transcription *may bind with noncoding DNA sequences and affect the transcription of a neighboring gene
regulatory proteins
41
helps to fight inflammation; works with the immune system
Glucocorticoid
42
When a gene is not active --> no ______ is being made
RNA
43
carries DNA gene information out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm or rER
mRNA
44
Three bases on mRNA, they are decoded three at a time
codon
45
AUG
start codon
46
what does a start codon do?
establishes the reading frame for translation
47
Codons that do not connect with other codons
stop codons
48
delivers the "right" amino acid to the correct location along the mRNA/ribosome complex (decodes mRNA)
tRNA
49
component of catalytically active ribosome enzyme
rRNA
50
these are adapters between amino acids and the codons in mRNA molecules
tRNAs
51
anticodon of _____ base pairs w/ codon of ________.
tRNA; mRNA
52
amino acid is covalently attached to this end of the tRNA
3'
53
*two subunits are built in the nucleus from rRNA and proteins *shipped to the cytoplasm *combine into _______ during translation
ribosomes
54
What is a ribosome made of?
RNA and Proteins
55
have a free amino group, free carboxyl group, and a side group
Amino acids
56
polypeptide is a long chain of?
amino acids
57
amino acids are joined by
peptide bonds
58
this group of one amino acid is covalently attached to the amino group of the next amino acid
carboxyl group
59
*AUG binds w/ the small ribosome unit *large ribosome subunit binds to the initiation complex *initiator tRNA w/AUG attached binds to mRNA codon
Initiation
60
Peptide bonds form between incoming amino acids
Elongation
61
detachment of the new polypeptide; stop codon
Termination
62
Where do new polypeptide chains go?
some stay in the cytoplasm others modified in the ER to be sent out of the cell
63
cluster of ribosomes all translating the same mRNA at the same time
Polysomes
64
This binds to the AUG initiation codon
methionine
65
Translation usually begins here
first AUG
66
small ribosomal subunit from here
5' terminus of mRNA
67
aminoacyl-tRNA entry site incoming tRNA binding site
A site
68
peptidyl-tRNA site holds the growing peptide chain
P site
69
exit site of tRNA
E site
70
polypeptide chain termination occurs when?
a chain-termination (stop) codon enters the A site of ribosome
71
what molecule is added to the carboxyl terminus of the nascent peptide causing termination?
water molecule
72
DNA polymerases and other enzymes repair replication mistakes
DNA repair
73
a change in the sequence of a Gene's nucleotides
mutation
74
an incorrect nucleotide is paired with an exposed base during DNA replication; may be repaired; if not one amino acid may replace another during translation
Base Pair Substitution
75
a base is lost; could alter the reading frame
Deletion
76
Single-base pair insertion; alters the reading frame
insertion

BMS 110 (11 decks)

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