Chapter 21 Flashcards by Kate Grimeau

elastic arteries are

pressure reservoirs and conducting arteries

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vaso vasorum (what/where)

small vessels that supply blood to the tissues of the vessel and are is on the tunica externa

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anastomosis

The union of the branches of two or more arteries supplying the same
body region

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metarteriole

terminal end of the arteriole

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arterioles known as

resistance vessels

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microcirculation

The flow of blood from a metarteriole through capillaries and
into a postcapillary venule

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capillaries known as

exchange vessels

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capillary bed

a network of 10–100 capillaries that arises from a single metarteriole

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thoroughfare channel

provides a direct route for
blood from an arteriole to a venule, thus bypassing capillaries

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continuous capillaries vs fenestrated capillaries vs and sinusoids (what/where)

continuous tube with intracellular clefts; CNS, lungs, muscle tissue, skin
vs
have fenestrations; kidneys, villi of the SI, choroid plexuses of the ventricles in the brain, ciliary processes of the eyes, and most endocrine glands
vs
wider/windier, incomplete/absent basement membrane and large intracellular clefts; sinusoids of red bone marrow, spleen, anterior pituitary, parathyroid/adrenal glands

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Usually blood passes from the heart and then in sequence through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins and then back to the heart. In some parts of the body, however, blood passes from one capillary network into another through a vein called a ______ vein. Such a circulation of blood is called a ____ _____

portal
portal system

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BV increase of _____ have been measured in postcapillary and muscular venules

360%

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Veins lack the internal or external ______ ______ found in arteries

elastic laminae

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vascular sinus

vein with a thin endothelial wall that has no smooth muscle to alter its diameter

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anastomotic veins

Some veins are paired and accompany medium to small-sized muscular arteries. These double sets of veins escort the arteries and connect via venous channels called anastomotic veins

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The largest portion of your blood volume at rest, about ___, is in
systemic veins and venules so they function as _____ ______

64%
blood reservoirs

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diffusions: capillary exchange method (importance, water/lipid soluble passes how/ex, what doesnt pass)

most important
water-soluble: pass through intracellular clefts/fenestrations (glucose/AA)
lipid soluble: directly through lipid bilayer of endothelial cell PM (O2, CO2, steroid hormones)

plasma proteins/RBCs cant pass unless its a sinusoid with large fenestrations

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transcytosis: capillary exchange method (mainly for what/ex)

mainly for large, lipid-insoluble
molecules that cannot cross capillary walls in any other way (insulin/antibodies)

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bulk flow: capillary exchange method (what for/how)

passive process in which large numbers of ions, molecules, or particles in a fluid move together in the same direction from higher to lower pressure

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Diffusion is more important for _____ ____ between blood and interstitial fluid, but bulk flow is more important for regulation of the _____ _____ of blood and interstitial fluid.

solute exchange
relative volumes

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Starling’s law of the capillaries

Overall, the volume of fluid and solutes reabsorbed normally is almost as large as the volume filtered

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blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP) (number/due to/result)

35mmHg at arterial end of capillar, 16mmHG at venous end of capillary

due to the pressure that water in blood plasma exerts against blood vessel walls
“pushes” fluid out of capillaries into interstitial fluid

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interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP)

0mmHg along capillaries
“pushes” fluid from interstitial spaces back into capillaries

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Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) (number, caused by, result)

26 mmHg in most capillaries

caused by the colloidal suspension of these large proteins in plasma
“pull” fluid from interstitial spaces into capillaries

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interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP)

0.1-5 mmHg “pulls” fluid out of capillaries into interstitial fluid.

Thus, at the arterial end of a capillary, there is a net outward pressure of ___ mmHg, and fluid moves out of the ______ into _____ _____ (filtration)

10 capillary interstitial spaces

At the venous end of a capillary, the negative value (___ mmHg) represents a net inward pressure, and fluid moves into the _____ from tissue spaces (reabsorption)

-9 capillary

Blood flows from regions of _____ pressure to regions of _____ pressure; the greater the pressure difference, the _____ the blood flow. But the higher the resistance, the _____ the blood flow.

higher lower greater smaller

in a resting, young adult, BP rises to about ___ mmHg during systole (ventricular contraction) and drops to about ___ mmHg during diastole (ventricular relaxation)

110 70

mean arterial pressure (MAP) (what/equation)

roughly 1/3 of the way between systolic/diastolic pressure MAP= D BP + 1/3(S BP-D BP)

vascular resistance (what, 3 things it depends on)

the opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood and the walls of BV. 1. size of the blood vessel lumen 2. blood viscosity 3. total blood vessel length

respiratory pump

breathe in = blood to heart as thoracic cavity is decompressed and abdominal cavity is compressed due to diaphragm moving down

Systemic vascular resistance (SVR), AKA total peripheral resistance (TPR) (what, where is the regulator in brain)

refers to all of the vascular resistances offered by systemic blood vessels vasomotor center in the brain stem regulates SVR

Velocity is ______ where the total cross-sectional area is greatest

slowest

circulation time is normally

1 minute R atrium ->pulmonary -> L atrium -> systemic (to foot) -> R atrium

carotid sinus reflex vs aortic reflex (regulate what, sensory axons to reach CV center) what kind of reflexes they both fall under and how does it work

regulated BP in the brain; glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves vs regulates systemic blood pressure vagus (X) nerves baroreceptor reflexes (pressure) lower pressure = lower impulse = decrease Psymp/increase symp = higher HR/BP and vice versa

Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone (RAA) system regulation of BP

BV falls = juxtaglomerular secrete renin = (1) release angiotensin II -> vasoconstriction and (2) release aldosterone -> reabsorb Na = increase BV/BP

chemoreceptor reflexes (where, detect and how they fix)

close to the baroreceptors of the carotid sinus (carotid bodies)and arch of the aorta (aortic bodies) detect hypoxia, acidosis, hypercapnia = impulses to CV = increased symp = vasoconstriction and vice versa

Cardiovascular center (CV) location

medulla oblongata

epinephrine and norepinephrine regulation of BP

symp stimulation = adrenal medulla release E/NE = increase CO + vasoconstriction to exercising muscles

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulation of BP

produced by hypot, release by ant pit in response to dehydration/ decreased BV = vasoconstriction, increase BV/decrease urine output

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) regulation of BP

released by atrial cells = vasodilation, promote water/salt loss = decrease BV/BP

myogenic response

smooth muscle in arteriole walls exhibits a myogenic response; it contracts more forcefully when it is stretched and relaxes when stretching lessens

The walls of blood vessels in the systemic circulation ____ in response to low O2 = O2 delivery ______, which restores the normal O2 level. By contrast, the walls of blood vessels in the pulmonary circulation ______ in response to low levels of O2. This response ensures that blood mostly bypasses those alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs that are poorly ventilated by fresh air. Thus, most blood flows to better-ventilated areas of the lung.

dilate increases constrict

pulse normally

70-80 bpm at rest

systolic vs diastolic BP

When the cuff is deflated enough to allow the artery to open, a spurt of blood passes through= first sound vs cuff is deflated further, the sounds suddenly become too faint to be heard through the stethoscope = last sound

Korotkoff sounds

various sounds that are heard while taking blood pressure

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is called _____ pressure. This pressure is normally about ___ mmHg

pulse 40

hypovolemic shock vs cardiogenic shock vs vascular shock vs obstructive shock (what/ex)

due to decreased blood volume (hemorrhage) vs due to poor heart function (myocardial infarction) vs due to inappropriate vasodilation (anaphylactic, neurogenic, septic) vs due to obstruction of blood flow (pulmonary embolism)

responses to shock (4)

activation of RAA system Secretion of ADH activation of symp ANS release of loval vasodilators

four divisions of aorta

ascending aorta arch of the aorta thoracic aorta abdominal aorta

what does aorta divide into where/supplies

two common iliac arteries at 4 L vertebrae supplying pelvis and lower limbs

ascending aorta has ____ that supply the

R/L coronary arteries branches to the atrial and ventricular myocardium (supplying heart)

3 major arteries from arch of aorta

brachiocephalic trunk left common carotid left subclavian

axillary and brachial artery come from (differrent)

Continuation of right subclavian artery and Continuation of axillary artery

thoracic artery begins/ends (and on what side of VC)

begins: at intervertebral disc between 4-5 T vertebrae, L to VC ends: aortic hiatus (opening of the diaphragm between 12T/1L vert, ant to VC

what arises from anterior abdominal aortic and lateral aortic (3 each and if paired/unpaired)

celiac trunk, sup/inf mesenteric arteries (unpaired) vs suprarenal, renal, gonadal (paired)

how L/R common iliac arteries divide (4 divisions)

internal/external iliac arteries -> femoral arteries -> popliteal arteries -> ant/post tibial arteries

coronary sinus

receives blood from the cardiac veins that drain the heart

what are the 3 systemic veins

coronary sinus, sup/inf vena cava

what drains head/neck

internal/external jugular veins

deep veins (3) and superficial veins (2). of upper limbs

subcalivan, axillary, brachial cephalic, basilic

inferior vena cava does not receive veins directly from the _____ ____, _____, _____, and _____ . These organs pass their blood into a common vein, the ______ ______ _____, which delivers the blood to the _____

GI tract spleen pancreas gallbladder hepatic portal vein liver

A vein that carries blood from one capillary network to another is called a ______ vein

portal

The ______ ______ and ______ veins unite to form the hepatic portal vein

superior mesenteric splenic

Veins consist of the same three tunics as arteries but have a thinner tunica _____ and a thinner tunica ____

interna media

cardiac output equals the ____ _____ ____ divided by total _______

mean arterial pressure resistance (CO = MAP ÷ R)

as blood leaves the aorta and flows through the systemic circulation, its pressure progressively falls to ___ mmHg by the time it reaches the right ventricle.

The cardiovascular (CV) center is a group of neurons in the medulla oblongata that regulates _____ ____, ______, and _____ _____ _____

heart rate contractility blood vessel diameter

Output from the CV center flows along sympathetic and parasympathetic axons. Sympathetic impulses propagated along ________ nerves ______ heart rate and contractility; parasympathetic impulses propagated along ______ nerves ______ heart rate

cardioaccelerator increase vagus decrease

_____ is an abnormal increase in interstitial fluid.

Edema

Chapter 21 Flashcards

(71 cards)