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Biol235 Quiz 5 > Chapter 24 > Flashcards

Chapter 24 Flashcards

(112 cards)

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1
Q

alimentary canal

A

GI tract

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2
Q

tonus def/length of GI tract

A

state of contraction
GI tract is 5-7m during tonus

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3
Q

six basic processes of digestive system

A
  1. Ingestion: taking food into mouth.
  2. Secretion: release of water, acid,
    buffers, and enzymes into lumen
    of GI tract.
  3. Mixing and propulsion: churning
    and movement of food through GI
    tract.
  4. Digestion: mechanical and
    chemical breakdown of food.
  5. Absorption: passage of digested
    products from GI tract into blood
    and lymph.
  6. Defecation: elimination of feces
    from GI tract.
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4
Q

four layers of GI tract (deep to superficial)

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa/adventita

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5
Q

mucosa layer of GI tract has what layers (3)

A

inner epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae

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6
Q

inner epithelium of mucosa layer of GI tract (functions/rate or renewal/contains what special cells)

A

protective (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal), secretion./absorption (stomach, intestines)

rate of renewal 5-7 days
enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones

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7
Q

lamina propria of mucosa layer of GI tract (what CT, function, contains majority of what cells)

A

aerolar CT
has vessels for absorbed nutrients
contains majority of the cells of the mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) (lymphatic nodules for immune system)

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8
Q

muscularis mucosae of mucosa of GI tract (function)

A

creates folds in MM of stomach/SI=more SA for digestion/absorption
movements ensure all absorptive cells are exposed to GI contents

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9
Q

submucosa of GI tract (CT, function, plexus)

A

areolar CT
vessels for digested nutrients
has submucosal plexus (network of neurons)

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10
Q

muscularis of GI tract (types, plexus)

A

skeletal ( mouth, pharynx, and superior and middle parts of the esophagus, external anal sphincter)
smooth : inner circular fibers outer longitudinal

has myenteric plexus (network of neurons)

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11
Q

serosa of GI tract (location, tissue, AKA)

A

only in abdominal cavity

serous membrane with areolar CT/simple squamous

AKA visceral peritoneum

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12
Q

adventita location/tissue

A

found on esophagus

single layer areolar CT

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13
Q

two plexuses of enteric nervous system

A

myenteric plexus (plexus of Auerbach)
submucosal plexus ( plexus of Meissner)

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14
Q

myenteric plexus location/function

A

between circular/longitudinal fibers of muscularis
control GI tract motility (frequency/strength of contraction)

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15
Q

submucosal plexus location/function

A

within submucosa
control secretions of organs of GI tract

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16
Q

2 major sensory receptors of GI tract

A

chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors

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17
Q

parasympathetic innervation of GI tract

A

Psymp preG neurons of the vagus/pelvic splanchnic nerves synapse with Psymp postG neurons located in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses. Some of the psymp postG neurons in turn synapse with neurons in the ENS; others directly innervate smooth muscle and glands within the wall of the GI tract

increase in GI secretion and motility by increasing the activity of ENS neurons

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18
Q

sympathetic innervation of GI tract

A

arise from the thoracic and upper lumbar regions of the SC

symp postG neurons synapse with neurons located in the myenteric plexus and the submucosal plexus

cause a decrease in GI secretion and motility by inhibiting the neurons of the ENS

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19
Q

gastrointestinal reflex pathways

A

regulate GI secretion/motility by responses to stimuli in lumen of GI tract
receptors ot CNS, ANS, or ENS then activate or inhibit glands/smooth

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20
Q

five major peritoneal folds

A

greater omentum
falciform ligamen
lesser omentum
mesentery
mesocolon

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21
Q

Ascites

A

Distension of parental cavity due to fluid buildup from disease

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22
Q

greater omentum (size, folds, function)

A

longest
4 layers over transverse colon and coils of SI (fatty apron)
lots of adipose cells (beer belly)
lymph nodes contribute macrophages and antibody-producing plasma cells that help combat and contain infections of the GI tract

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23
Q

falciform ligament (function)

A

attatches liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm

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24
Q

lesser omentum function

A

connects the stomach and
duodenum to liver
pathway for blood vessels entering the liver and contains the hepatic portal
vein, common hepatic artery, and common bile duct, along with
some lymph nodes

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25
mesentery (size, shape, function, lots of, extends)
biggest fold fan shaped binds jejunum and ileum of SI to post abdominal wall lots of fat extends from the posterior abdominal wall to wrap around the small intestine and then returns to its origin, forming a double-layered structure. Between the two layers are blood and lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes.
26
mesocolon (function)
bind the transverse colon and sigmoid colon of the LI to the post abdominal wall carries blood and lymphatic vessels to the intestines.
27
labial frenulum
inner surface of each lip is attached to its corresponding gum by a midline fold of MM called labial frenulum
28
muscles for chewing
buccinator (cheek) orbicularis oris (lips)
29
oral vestibule
space between chekks/lips and teeth/gums
30
oral cavity proper
space fro gums/teeth to fauces (opening to oropharynx)
31
palate (Function/parts)
allows breathing while chewing hard: palatine and maxilla with MM soft: muscle with MM
32
uvula
drawn superiorly during swallowing to prevent food from entering the nasopharynx
33
palatine vs lingual tonsil location
between palatoglossal/paalatopharyngeal arch vs at base of tongue
34
small salivary glands (4)
labial, buccal, palatal, lingual
35
major salivary glands- 3 paired (location/open to)
parotid: inferior and anterior to the ears, between the skin and the masseter muscle open to the vestibule opposite the second maxillary (upper) molar tooth submandibular: floor of the mouth open to oral cavity proper lateral to the lingual frenulum sublingual: beneath the tongue and superior to the submandibular glands open to floor of mouth into oral cavity proper
36
saliva composition
99.5% water and 0.5% solutes solutes: 1. ions: sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, and phosphate. 2. dissolved gases/organic substances: including urea and uric acid, mucus, immunoglobulin A, the bacteriolytic enzyme lysozyme, and salivary amylase, a digestive enzyme that acts on starch
37
parotid vs submandibular vs sublingual glands release
watery amylase vs fluid amylase thickened with mucus vs mostly mucus with little amylase
38
salivary amylase function
breaks starch into maltose, maltotriose, a-dextrin
39
tongue attached inferiorly to
hyoid bone, styloid process of temporal bone and mandible
40
extrinsic muscles of tongue (movement of tongue/function)
Move tongue from side to side and in and out Food maneuvered for mastication, shaped into bolus, and maneuvered for swallowing
41
intrinsic muscles of tongue (movement of tongue/function)
Alter shape of tongue swalloing of speech
42
lingual frenulum
fold of MM on inferior surface of tongue to limit posterior movement
43
lingual glands
secrete lingual lipase=30% triglycerides (fats/oils) broken down into fatty acids and diglycerides
44
periodontal ligament
dense fibrous CT that anchors the teeth to the socket walls and acts as a shock absorber during chewing
45
three major external regions of tooth
crown, neck, root
46
enamel
outer covering of tooth (made of calcium salts) protects the tooth from wear and tear
47
dentin
underneath enamel (calcified connective tissue) makes up the majority of the tooth.
48
Cementum
a bone-like substance that attaches the root to the periodontal ligament.
49
pulp cavity
inner part of crown contains pulp (connective tissue containing nerves and blood vessels)
50
root canal
is an extension of the pulp cavity that contains nerves and blood vessels
51
apical foramen
is an opening at the base of a root canal through which blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter a tooth
52
endodontics vs orthodontics vs periodontics
prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases that affect the pulp, root, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone vs prevention and correction of abnormally aligned teeth vs treatment of abnormal conditions of the tissues immediately surrounding the teeth, such as gingivitis (gum disease)
53
two denditions
deciduous (primary teeth, milk teeth, or baby teeth): begin at 6m lost between 6-12y; 20 permanent (secondary) teeth: replace deciduous; 32
54
incisors (location/function/root)
4 front teeth (central or lateral incisors), cut into food; one root
55
canines (location/function/roo)
behind incisors; one cusp to tear/shred food; one root
56
first/second molars
behind canines; 4 cusps; upper (maxillary) have 3 roots, lower (mandibular) have two; crush/grind food to prepare for swallowing
57
salivary amylase vs lingual lipase
secreted by the salivary glands, initiates the breakdown of starch into monosaccharides, starts acing in mouth until 1 hour after eating vs secreted by lingual glands, breaks down dietary triglycerides (fats and oils) into fatty acids and diglycerides, activated by acidic enviro of stomach (starts acting after swallowed)
58
esophageal hiatus
opening in the diaphragm that esophagus passes through to enter the stomach
59
mucosa of esophagus (location/histology(layers))
inner layer non-keratinized stratified squamous lamina propria muscularis mucosae mucus glands near stomach
60
submucosa of esophagus (location.histology)
second from inner layer (superficial to mucosa, deep to muscularis) areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, and mucous glands
61
muscularis of esophagus (what each third consists of)
sup 1/3: skeletal middle 1/3: skeletal+smooth inf 1/3: smooth has sphincter on each end of esophagus
62
two sphincters of esophagus (name and what they are made of)
upper esophageal sphincter: skeletal muscle lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter (LES): mooth muscle, near the heart
63
adventita of esophagus (why is it called that instead of serosa)
areolar CT of this layer is not covered by mesothelium and because the CT merges with the CT of surrounding structures of the mediastinum through which it passes
64
Relaxation of upper esophageal sphincter
Permits entry of bolus from laryngopharynx into esophagus
65
Esophageal stage of deglutition (peristalsis)
Pushes bolus down esophagus.
66
Relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter
Bolus into stomach
67
secretion of mucus (esophagus)
Lubricates esophagus for smooth passage of bolus
68
deglutition involves/3 stages
mouth, pharynx, esophagus 1. voluntary: into oropharynx 2. pharyngeal: to esophagus 3. esophageal: to stomach
69
deglutition center location
medulla oblongata and lower pons of the brain stem.
70
peristalsis (def, what contracts where)
progression of coordinated contractions and relaxations of the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis, pushes the bolus onward (circular contract above bolus, and longitudinal contract below)
71
4 regions of stomach
cardia: surrounds opening of esophagus fundus: rounded sup part L to cardia body: large central portion pyloric part: 3 parts to duodenum
72
3 regions of pyloric part
pyloric antrum: connects to body of stomach pyloric canal: leads to 3rd region pylorus: connects to duodenum
73
rugae
mucosal folds in stomach when empty
74
lesser vs greater curvature of the stomach
concave/medial vs convex/lateral
75
surface mucous cells
simple columnar epithelial cells that make up surface of mucosa of stomach
76
gastric glands
columns of secretory cells in stomach
77
gastric pits
narrow channels that several gastric glands release secretions into to enter the stomach
78
3 exocrine cells in gastric glands and what they secrete
mucous neck cells: secrete mucous chief cells: secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase parietal cells: secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor (needed for B12 absorption)
79
gastric juice is made by the secretions of what cells and what other cells
mucous neck cell, chief cells, parietal cells G cell (enteroendocrine cell): secretes gastrin
80
what is different about the muscularis of the stomach
3 layers instead of 2 (outer longitudinal, middle circular, inner oblique)
81
propulsion, retropropulsion, and gastric emptying in stomach
propulsion: peristalsis in body/antrum to pyloric sphincter every 15-25s retropropulsion: food too big to fit through pyloric sphincter=back to body to mix with gastric juice gasric emptying: food turned into chyme and can fit through pyloric sphincter
82
Surface mucous cells and mucous neck cells activity and result (1)
A: secretes mucus R: Forms protective barrier that prevents digestion of stomach wall.
83
parietal cells action and result (2)
A: secrete intrisnic factor R: Needed for absorption of vitamin B12 (used in RBC formation) A: secrete hydrochloric acid R: Kills microbes in food; denatures proteins; converts pepsinogen into pepsin
84
chief cells action and results (2)
A: secrete pesinogen R: Pepsin (activated form) breaks down proteins into peptides A: secret gastric lipase R: Splits triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides
85
G cells action and result (1)
A: secrete R:Stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl and chief cells to secrete pepsinogen; contracts lower esophageal sphincter, increases motility of stomach, and relaxes pyloric sphincter
86
pancreas 3 main regions
head (near duodenum) body tail
87
pancreatic duct, or duct of Wirsung
larger duct of pancres, inferior
88
hepatopancreatic ampulla or ampulla of Vater
where pancreatic duct and common bile duct meet in pancreas has sphincter of Oddi
89
major duodenal papilla
elevation of the duodenal mucosa where hepatopancreatic ampulla is
90
accessory duct (duct of Santorini)
smaller/sup to pancreatic duct
91
acini vs pancreatic islets in pancreas
99 percent; exocrine (pancreatic juice) vs 1 percent; endocrine (hormones)
92
pancreatic juice
clear, colorless liquid consisting mostly of water, some salts, sodium bicarbonate, and several enzymes
93
pancreatic amylase
starch digesting enzyme
94
trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, elastase
enzymes that digest proteins into peptides; released by pancreas
95
pancreatic lipase
triglyceride digesting enzyme; released by pancreas
96
ribonuclease vs deoxyribonuclease
nucleic-acid digesting enzyme; released by pancreas vs digest RNA/DNA into nucleotides; released by pancreas
97
enterokinase
enzyme in SI that turns trypsinogen into trypsin
98
gallbladder location
in post depression of liver, hangs from the anterior inferior margin of the liver
99
what seperates the larger R lobe and smalller L lobe of liver
falciform ligament
100
ligamentum teres (round ligament)
in falciform ligament, remnant of umbilical vein of the fetus this fibrous cord extends from the liver to the umbilicus
101
coronary ligaments
narrow extensions of the parietal peritoneum that suspend the liver from the diaphragm
102
hepatocytes (volume of liver/function/form/secrete)
80 percent of liver volume major functional cells of the liver and perform a wide array of metabolic, secretory, and endocrine functions form hepatic laminae secrete bile
103
Bile canaliculi
small ducts between hepatocytes that collect bile produced by the hepatocytes
104
hepatic sinusoids
highly permeable blood capillaries between rows of hepatocytes that receive oxygenated blood from branches of the hepatic artery and nutrient-rich deoxygenated blood from branches of the hepatic portal vein
105
stellate reticuloendothelial cells (hepatic macrophages) (where/function)
in hepatic sinusoid destroy worn out R/WBC, bacteria, and other foreign matter in the venous blood draining from the GI tract
106
portal triad
a bile duct, branch of the hepatic artery, and branch of the hepatic vein together
107
cystic duct
Contraction of the smooth muscle fibers ejects the contents of the gallbladder into this
108
gallbladder function basic
Stores, concentrates, and delivers bile into duodenum via common bile duct.
109
liver function basic
Produces bile (bile salts) necessary for emulsification and absorption of lipids
110
blood supply of liver (pathway back to heart)
hepatic artery/hepatic portal vein -> sinusoids -> central vein -> hepatic vein -> inf vena cava -> right atrium
111
other vital functions the liver performs (9)
Carbohydrate metabolism Lipid metabolism Protein metabolism Processing of drugs/hormones Excretion of bilirubin Synthesis of bile salts Storage Phagocytosis Activation of vitamin D
112

Biol235 Quiz 5 (4 decks)

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