chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

field of study that considers the spatial arrangement of habitats at different scales and examines how they influence individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems

A

Landscape ecology

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2
Q

long-lasting influence of historical processes on the current ecology of an area.

A

Legacy effects

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3
Q

Eskers are the remnants of streams of water that flowed inside glaciers; as the streams flowed, they deposited soil and rock on the streambed.

After the glaciers melted, the streams appeared as long, winding hills.
This is an example of

A

legacy effects

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4
Q

How do humans act as ecosystem engineers?

A

constructing buildings, dams, irrigation channels, etc.

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5
Q

villages & farms built and abandoned by romans which broken down building materials contributed to minerals in soil is an example of what?

A

Habitat heterogeneity

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6
Q

the number of species in a relatively small area of homogenous habitat, such as a stream.

A

Local (i.e., alpha) diversity

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7
Q

the number of species in all of the habitats that comprise a large geographic area.

A

Regional (i.e., gamma) diversity

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8
Q

a graphical relationship in which increases in area (A) are associated with increases in the number of species (S); the curve can be described by the equation

A

Species-area curve

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9
Q

Species-area curve eqution

A

S=cA^z

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10
Q

causes an increase in the amount of edge habitat compared to the original unfragmented habitat.

A

Fragmentation

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11
Q

Species that prefer edge habitat increase in abundance when what occurs?

A

fragmentation

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12
Q

increase gene flow and genetic diversity

A

Corridors

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13
Q

Declining populations in habitat patches can be sustained by

A

the dispersal of organisms between patches via habitat corridors

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14
Q

small intervening habitat patches that dispersing organisms can use to move between large favorable habitats

A

Stepping stones

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15
Q

what did macarthur and wilson observe about islands closer to the mainland

A

islands closer to the mainland appeared to receive more colonizing species.

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16
Q

Among islands of similar size, near islands contained

A

more bird species than far islands.

17
Q

They found that larger islands contained

A

more species

18
Q

how did macarthur and wilson test the hypothesis that species richness is determined by both island area and isolation

A

they
measured bird species richness on
25 islands in the South Pacific.

19
Q

The effects of patch size and isolation are similar

A

across multiple types of habitat.

20
Q

Daniel Simberloff and E. O. Wilson conducted a manipulative experiment to test effects of

A

habitat size and isolation.

21
Q

On a set of islands in the Florida Keys, they observed that islands closer to the mainland had

A

more insect species than islands farther from the mainland.

22
Q

a theory stating that the number of species on an island reflects a balance between the colonization of new species and the extinction of existing species

A

Equilibrium theory of island biogeography

23
Q

As more species colonize the island, more species are subject to

A

possible extinction due to chance and negative interactions (e.g., competition, predation, parasitism).

24
Q

on a global scale where is biodiversity at its higherst

A

near the equator

25
Q

where does biodiversity decline

A

towards the poles

26
Q

examines ecological patterns and processes at large spatial scales

A

landscape ecology

27
Q

the number of species increases with?

A

area

28
Q

the equilibrium theory of island biogeography incorporates

A

area and isolation

29
Q

Current diversity arose in response to

A

past environmental conditions

30
Q

movement of landmasses across Earth’s surface

A

Continental drift

31
Q

the single landmass that existed on Earth ~250 Mya and subsequently split into Laurasia and Gondwana

A

Pangaea

32
Q

the northern landmass that separated from Pangaea ~150 Mya and subsequently split into North America, Europe, and Asia.

A

Laurasia

33
Q

the southern landmass that separated from Pangaea and split into South America, Africa, Antarctica, and India

A

Gondwana

34
Q

6 distinct biogeographic regions

A
  • neartic
  • neotropical
  • afrotropical
  • paleartic
  • indomalayan
  • australian
35
Q

allowed species to independently evolve in different regions of the Earth

A

Separation of continents

36
Q

allowed groups of organisms unique to one landmass to move into new areas

A

joining of continents

37
Q

established six distinct biogeographic regions that contain unique groups of organisms

A

The separation and joining of continents