CHAPTER 22 (HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS) Flashcards by Vivian Bishop

What is organic chemistry?

The study of organic compounds

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Organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen are called

Hydrocarbons

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Is the following sentence true or false? Hydrogen atoms are the only atoms that can bond to the carbon atoms in a Hydrogen

False

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what is true about carbons ability to form bonds.
1.) Carbon atoms have four valance electrons
2.) Carbon atoms always form three covalent bonds
3.) Carbon atoms can form stable bonds with other Carbon atoms.

1.)Carbon atoms have four valance electrons
3.) Carbon atoms can form stable bonds with other Carbon atoms.

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Is the following sentence true or false? Albanese contain only single covalent bonds

True

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What is the simplest alkane

Ethane

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What are straight-chain alkanes

A saturated hydrocarbon that contains any number of atoms arranged one after the other in a chain

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The names of all alkanes end in the suffix

Ane

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How many carbon atoms does each straight chain alkane contain?
1.) Nonane
2.) Propane
3.) Heptane
4.) Butane

1.) 9
2.) 3
3.) 7
4.) 4

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The straight chain alkanes form an ____________ because there is an incremental change of a CH2 group from one compound in the series to the next

Homologous series

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What is a condensed structural formula for pentane?
A.) C⁵H¹²
B.) CH³CH²CH²CH²CH³
C.) CH³(CH²)³CH³
D.) C-C-C-C-C

B
C
D

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The IUPAC system uses __________ to show the number of carbon atoms in a straight chain alkane

Prefexis

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A _____________ is an atom or group of atoms that replaces a hydrogen in a hydrocarbon molecule

Substituent

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Alkyl groups are named by removing the -ane ending of the parent hydrocarbon and adding _______

-yl

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What is a branched-chain alkane?

An alkane with one or more alkyl groups

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What is the correct IUPAC name?
CH³ CH³
| |
CH³-C-CH²-CH-CH³
|
CH³

2,2,4 trimethylpentane

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Draw a condensed structural formula for 2 - methylhexane

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Why are hydrocarbon molecules such as alkanes nonpolar?

Because the electron pair in a carbon-hydrogen or carbon carbon bond is shared equally by the nucli of the atoms involved

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Hydrocarbons and other nonpolar molecules are not attracted to ________

Water or polar molecules

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What is an alkene?

Hydrocarbons that contain one or more carbon carbon double covalent bonds

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Organic compounds that contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms per carbon atoms are called _____________ compounds

Saturated

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Which family of hydrocarbons are always saturated compounds?

Alkanes

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Is the following question true or false? Rotation can occur around a carbon-carbon double bond

False

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Hydrocarbons that contain one or more _____________ covalent bonds between carbons are called alkynes

Carbon-Carbon triple

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___________ is the most simplest alkyne, and is also known by the common name _________

Ethyne, acetylene

Circle the letter of each compound that is an aliphatic compound 1.) 1-butane 2.) Acetylene 3.) 2-methylpropane

A, B and C

What are the major attractive forces between alkane, alkene, or alkyne molecules?

The major forces are weak van der waals forces

Is the following sentence true or false? The angle between the carbon atoms in a carbon-carbon triple bond is 120°

False

What are structural isomers?

They are compounds that have the same molecular formula but the atoms are joined together in a different order

Is the following sentence true or false? Structural isomers have the same physical properties

False

How many structural isomers are there for C⁴H¹⁰

Name the structural isomers of C⁴H¹⁰

Butane and 2-methylpropane

In general, what determines which of two structural isomers will have the lower boiling point.

The more highly branched structure

Stereoisomers differ only in the ________________________

Position of their atoms

What two things need to be present for geometric isomers to exist

A double bond At least 1 substituent on each carbon of the double bond

Objects that are ______________ will produce a reflection that is indistinguishable from the original object

Symmetrical

Mirror images of a right hand and a left hand cannot be ___________

Superimposed

What is an asymmetrical carbon

A carbon with four different atoms or group

Is the following sentence true or false? The relationship of optical isomers is similar to that between right and left hands

True

Circle the two asymmetrical carbons in the structure shown below CH³-CH²-CH²-CH-CH-CH-CH³ | | | CH²CH³CH³ | CH³

Hearts indicate circles CH³-CH²-CH²-♥︎CH-CH♥︎-CH-CH³ | | | CH²CH³CH³ | CH³

What is a cyclic hydrocarbon

Compounds that contain a hydrocarbon rings

The most abundant cyclic hydrocarbons conatin ________ or _______ carbons

5, 6

Is the following sentence true or false cyclic hydrocarbons that contain only single carbon - carbon bonds are called cycloalkanes

True

What is the origin of the name aromatic compounds

Many aromatic compounds have pleasant odors

Benzene has the chemical formula __________

C⁶H⁶

Is the following sentence true or false? Any substance that has carbon-carbon bonding like that of benzene is called an aromatic compound

True

Another name for an aromatic compound is _________

Arene

What does it mean to say that benzene exhibits resonance?

Two equally valid structures can be drawn for benzene

Molecules that exhibit resonance are more _________ than similar Molecules that do not exhibit resonance

Stable

The actual bonds in a benzene ring are identical _________ of single and double bonds

Hybrids

When ________ is a substitute on an alkane, it is called a phenyl group

Benzene

Derivatives of benzene that have _________ substituents are called disubstituted benzenes

Two

Why do disubstituted benzenes always have three structural isomers?

There are three possible positions for the two substituents

Match the terms for naming a disubstituted benzene with the substituent positions they may represent ____ meta. A.) 1,2 ____ ortho. B.) 1,3 ____ para. C.) 1,4

B.) 1,3 meta. A.) 1,2 ortho. C.) 1,4 para.

What is another name for the dimethylbenzenes?

Xylenes

What are fossil fuels

They are carbon based fuels derived from the decay of organisms

List three factors needed to produce fossil fuels from organic residue

1.) Pressure 2.) Bacterial action 3.) Heat

Petroleum and natural gas contain mostly _________ hydrocarbons

Aliphatic

What are the four main components of natural gas?

Methane, ethane, propane and butane

Which noble Gas is found in natural gas?

Helium

Fill in the missing reactents and products in the equation for the combustion of methane CH⁴ + 2 _____ (g) ---> ____ (g) + 2 ____ (g) + heat

CH⁴ + 2 O2 (g) ---> CO2 (g) + 2 h2O (g) + heat

Propane and butane are sold in ______ form to be used as ________ fuels

Liquid, heating

_________ combustion of a hydrocarbon produces a blue flame ________ combustion produces a yellow flame

Complete, incomplete

What toxic gas is formed during incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon

Carbon monoxide ( CO )

The first oil well was drilled in _________ in the late 1850s

Pennsylvania

Is the following sentence true or false? Petroleum is commercially useful without refining

False

How is Petroleum refined?

It is refined by fractional distillation. Compounds are collected according to their boiling points

Circle the letter of the distillation fraction that represents the highest percent of crude oil A.) Natural gas B.) Gasoline C.) Kerosene D.) Lubricating oil

B.( gasoline

Using a catalyst and heat to break hydrocarbons down into smaller molecules is called ________

Cracking

_________ is the intermediate material that Is the first stage in coal formation

Peat

Name the three types of coal and the carbon content of each

A.) Lignite about 50 % B.) Bituminous, 70-80 % C.) Anthracite > 80 %

Is the following sentence true or false? Coal Mines in North America are usually at least one kilometer below earth's surface

False

Coal consists primarily of __________ compounds of extremely high molar mass

Aromatic

Aromatic compounds produce more _______ when burned than do __________ fuels

Soot, aliphatic

What major air pollutants are produced by burning coal that contains sulfur?

SO² AND SO³

List four products that can be obtained by distilling coal

Gas Coke Coal tar Ammonia

CHAPTER 22 (HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS) Flashcards

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