- ventilation of the lungs (breathing)=air in and out - exchange of gases=lungs (air) --> Blood--> tissue - cellular respiration in tissues

Chapter 22: The Respiratory System Flashcards by shayla Orrick

What is respiration?

ventilation of the lungs (breathing)=air in and out
exchange of gases=lungs (air) –> Blood–> tissue
cellular respiration in tissues

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What are the 7 functions of the respiratory system?

O2/CO2 exchange
communication: speech and other vocalization (laughing, crying)
Sensory input: smell
Regulation of pH via elimmination of CO2
Activation of the hormone Angiotension II
Promotes venous and lymph return during breathing
Expel content of abdominal cavity

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What are the different divisions of the respiratory system?

conducting and respiratory divisions

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What is the conduction division of the respiratory system?

passages that serve for only airflow (nostril –> bronchioles)

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What is the respiratory division of the respiratory system?

alveoli and gas exchange regions

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What consists of both the upper and lower respiratory tracts?

Upper (nose–>larynx) Lower (trachea–>lungs)

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What are the functions of the nose?

warms, cleanses, and humidifies air

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List the different structures within the nose.

Bones, cartilage forming walls, roof, floor, septum

3 conchae= tubinate bones and mucous membranes

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What do each of the mucosas contain within the nose?

olfactory mucosa (on roof) contains olfactory neurons
respiratory mucosa (elsewhere) contains pseudostratified epithelium tissues

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What is the pharynx?

A muscular funnel extending abour 13cm from posterior nasal apertures to larynx.

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What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx

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What is the nasopharynx region of the pharynx?

distal to posterior nasal apertures. 
receives auditory (eustachian) tubes from middle ear and houses the pharyngeal tonsil.

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What is the oropharynx region?

space between posterior margin of soft plate and epiglottis.

houses palatine and lingual tonsils

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What is the laryngopharynx region?

lays mostly posterior to larynx, extending from the superior margin of the epiglottis to the inferior margin of the cricoid cartilage.

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What type of epithelium does each region of the pharynx have?

Nasopharynx- Pseudostratified epithelium
Oropharynx- Stratified epithelium
Laryngopharynx- Stratified squamous epithelium

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What organ is called the ‘voice box’?

larynx

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What is the primary function of the larynx?

to keep food and drink out of airway

-evolved to produce sound (phonation)

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What is the epiglottis and what does it do?

the superior opening of larynx. a guarding flap that is pulled down to block trachea during swallowing

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What muscles act of the epiglottis?

extrinsic muscles

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What are the 7 cartilages of the larynx in order from top to bottom?

Epiglottic Cartilages
Thyroid Cartilages
Cricoid Cartilages
Arytenoid Cartilages (x2)
Corniculate Cartilages
Cuneiform Cartilages

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What makes up the ‘box’ of the voice box?

Thyroid and cricoid cartilages

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What is the glottis?

the opening between vocal cords

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What are vocal cords?

inferior cords that produce sound when air passes between them.

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What is the function of the superior vestibular folds?

block entry to trachea

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What do the intrinsic muscles do?

they move the 2 arytenoid cartilages during speech

What do the rings of the trachea look like?

c-shaped hyaline cartilage rings with trachealis muscle linking the 2 ends to create a ring

What is the most important function of the trachealis muscle?

contracts to regulate airflow

What type of epithelium does the trachea have?

pseudostratified columnar epithelium composed of mainly mucus-secreting goblet cells,ciliated cells, and short basal stem cells

What lines the larynx, trachea, and bronchial tree?

musosiliary escalator- mechanism of debris removal of inhaled particles through upward beating of cilia.

Why is there a difference in size in the right and left lung?

right- shorter due to liver, has 3 lobes | left- longer due to heart, has 2 lobes

What do bronchioles consist of?

smooth muscle, they have no cartilage and are 1mm

What is a portion of the lung that is ventilated by one bronchiole?

pulmonary lobule

What does each bronchiole branch into?

50-80 terminal bronchioles (have cilia, no mucous)

What does each terminal bronchiole branch into?

2 or more smaller respiratory bronchioles (no more cilia)

What does each respiratory bronchiole branch into?

2-10 alveolar ducts at the end of the alveolar sacs

How many alveoli are in each lung?

150 million!!!

What the difference between type I and type II alveolars?

type I alveolar= simple squamous, makes most of the respiratory membrane type II alveolar= cuboidal epithelium, secretes surfactant (prevents collapse of alveoli)

What are the 2 pleurae of the respiratory system and what do they attach to?

1. Parietal pleura- attaches to ribs | 2. Visceral Pleura- attached to lungs

What is the pleural cavity?

space between parietal and visceral pleurae, tightly adhered to lungs (does not contain lung)

What are the functions of the pleura?

1. Reduce friction 2. Create pressure gradient 3. Compartmentalization

What is the respiratory cycle?

one complete cycle of inspiration and expiration

Which muscles are considered respiratory muscles?

Diaphragm, external intercostals, and accessory muscles Accessory muscles= -inspiration: erector spinae, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis -expiration: abdominals, latissimus dorsi, pelvic muscle

Explain the difference in the diaphragm when it is relaxed and contracted.

Relaxed= Dome-shaped Volume of thoracic cavity is small Pressure in throracic cavity is high Air flows out Contracted=Fflat Volume of thoracic cavity is increased Pressure in thoracic cavity is low Air flows in

What to the external intercostals do when they are contracted?

pull ribs up and out, and increase volume of thoracic cavity.

What are the accessory muscles functions?

they act during quiet inspiration but mostly during FORCED in and out eg. during exercise

Why is neural control of ventilation more important than for heart rate?

Diaphragm is a skeletal muscle; must receive neural stimulation to contract; cardiac muscle is myogenic

What is the automatic, unconscious cycle of breathing controlled by?

Brainstem Respiratory Centers= 1. Ventral respiratory group, 2. Dorsal respiratory group, 3. Pontine respiratory group

What is the primary generator of respiratory rhythm?

ventral respiratory group

The ventral respiratory group has inspiratory (I) and expiratory (E) neurons that do what?

I neurons fire for 2sec, singals the diaphragm to contract via intercostal muscles. E neurons fire and inhibit the I's for 3sec-->rate of quiet breathing is 12breaths/min

What is the function of the dorsal respiratory group?

modifies the VRG (ventral respiratory group) when respiration rate and depth must change

What variable regulates respiratory rate?

sensory receptors

What is the function of the pontine respiratory group?

gives input to DRG and VRG from the brain | eg. for sleep, exercise, vocalization, emotional responses

Which central and peripheral sensory receptors provide input to the respiratory centers? what do they provide?

1. central chemoreceptors-sense pH in CSF in medulla 2. peripheral chemoreceptors-sense pH of blood 3. stretch receptors- signal DRG (in bronchi and bronchioles 4. Irritant receptors- signal DRG: bronchoconstrict, breath-holding, shallow breathing, coughing

What is atmospheric pressure?

1 atm = 760mm Hg

'Pressure (P) of a given quantity of gas varies inversely with volume (V) increase in volume= decrease in pressure'. Who made this law?

Boyle

'Volume of gas increases with increasing temperature | -inhaled air is warmed and volume of air increases which helps to expand lungs'. Who made this law?

Charles

What happens during inspiration?

- contraction of diaphragm and exterior intercostals | - parietal pleura expands with rib cageq

What happens during expiration?

(normal quiet breathing) - recoil of elastic tissue of lungs --> decrease volume --> Increases P^intrapulmonary - slight contraction of diaphragm brakes recoil-smooth transition

What happens during forced expiration?

contraction of internal intercostals, abdominals, and accessory muscles

What are the 3 things that determine resistance to airflow?

1. diameter of the bronchioles 2. pulmonary compliance 3. surface tension in alveoli and distal bronchioles

What causes bronchoconstriction?

cold, parasympathetic stimulation, irratants, and histamine (anaphylactic shock)

What causes bronchodilation?

``` sympathetic stimulation (eg. exercise, stress) -HIgh CO2 in capillaries ```

What is pulmonary compliance?

the elasticity of the lung tissue

How much dead air does the conducting division of alveolar ventilation have?

150mL of dead air= anatomical dead space

How much dead air does the respiratory division of alveolar ventilation receive?

350mL (500mL-150mL)

What is an example of dead air?

emphysema

What are the usual alveolar ventilation rates (AVR)?

(air in alveoli) x (rate of breathing) 350mL/breath x 12breaths/min =4200mL/min (quiet respiration)

What is the amount of air left in alveoli at the end of expiration called and what its usual amount?

Residual volume =~1300mL

What is eurnea?

normal, quiet breathing

What is apnea?

cessation of breathing

What is dyspnea?

labored breathing

What is hyperpnea?

fast breathing to meet metabolic demands

What is hyperventilation?

fast breathing, exceeds metabolic demands

What is hypoventilation?

slot breathing, does not meet metabolic demands

'Totaly P^atm=sum of all individual partial pressures'. Who made this law?

Dalton

'The amount of gas that dissolves in a fluid is determined by its solubility and its partial pressure'. Who made this law?

Henry

What are the 5 variables that affect alveolar gas exchange?

1. Concentration gradients of the gases 2. Solubility of the gases 3. Membrane thickness 4. Membrane area 5. Ventilation-perfusion coupling

Chapter 22: The Respiratory System Flashcards

(77 cards)