Chapter 23

Question 1

Define: peristalsis

Answer 1

Adjacent segments of involuntary waves of contraction and relaxation in the organ wall

Question 2

Define: segmentation

Answer 2

Nonadjacent segments that allow for food mixing and effective nutrient absorption

Question 3

List and describe the six GI tract activities

Answer 3

1. ingestion: eating
2. propulsion: swallowing and peristalsis
3. mechanical breakdown: chewing and segmentation
4. digestion: food breakdown using enzymes
5. absorption: nutrients travels from lumen to blood/lymph
6. defecation: waste removal through the anus

Question 4

Double layer of peritoneum that is fused together, holding organs in place, providing routes for vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

Answer 4

mesentery

Question 5

A piercing abdominal wound, perforating ulcer, or a ruptured appendix can cause what disease?

Answer 5

Pertonitis

Question 6

Describe the basic functions of the GI tract and the accessory organs

Answer 6

GI tract: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and intestines
- function: muscular tube from mouth to anus that breaks down and absorbs nutrients
Accessory organs: teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas
- function: produces secretions and other means to break down food

Question 7

Describe the difference between short and long reflexes of the enteric nervous system

Answer 7

Short: responds to stimuli from the GI tract, mediated by the gut brain, and responsible for stomach growl
Long: responds to signals from CNS, parasympathetic enhances digestion, sympathetic inhibits digestion

Question 8

____ cells of the salivary glands contains enzymes like ____ that breakdown starch

Answer 8

serous; amylase

Question 9

The ____ ____ is produced by the stomach to allow for B12 absorption

Answer 9

intrinsic factor

Question 10

What are the digestive functions of the oral cavity

Answer 10

1. moisten food then compact into bolus
2. breakdown of food w/ amylase enzymes and lipase
3. dissolves food chemicals for taste

Question 11

Compare the functions of cell types in the stomach mucosa

Answer 11

• simple columnar epithelium = secretes mucus
• loose areolar connective tissues = absorbs nutrients
• smooth muscle cells = local movement, enhances absorption and secretion

Question 12

Identify what causes GERD and what it stands for

Answer 12

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is caused by heartburn and hiatal hernia

Question 13

Peptic / ____ ulcers are caused by bacterium ____ ____ and by ____-____ drugs

Answer 13

gastric; Helicobacter pylori; anti-inflammatory

Question 14

TRUE OR FALSE:
Colon cancer often does not have symptoms but can be caught early and treated

Answer 14

True

Question 15

____ is caused by viral infection, drug toxicity, and wild mushroom poisoning. In progressive cases this can lead to ____, which is also caused by alcoholism

Answer 15

Hepatitis; cirrhosis

Question 16

Biliary culculi AKA ____ is caused by too much ____ OR too few bile ____

Answer 16

gallstones; cholesterol; salts

Question 17

Inflamed diverticula that may rupture and leak into the peritoneal cavity.

Answer 17

Diverticulitis

Question 18

The diverticula is defined as ____ of mucosa

Answer 18

herniations

Question 19

What is the function of hepatocytes?

Answer 19

1. Bile production
2. Stores fat-soluble vitamins
3. Removes toxins through urea
4. Makes plasma proteins and stores glycogen

Question 20

How does the duodenum interact with the pancreas and gallbladder products?

Answer 20

The bile duct and main pancreatic duct converge in the wall of the duodenum to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla which continues into the duodenum

Question 21

Compare and contrast the small and large intestines

Answer 21

Small: major digestive organ, 3 parts (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), has brush border enzymes, and intestinal crypts
Large: stores residue, absorbs water, 5 parts (cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anal canal), thicker mucosa

Question 22

What are the actions of cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin

Answer 22

CCK: inhibits stomach secretions, increases pancreatic juices, relaxes sphincter to admit bile and pancreatic juices into the duodenum, stimulates bile expulsion in gallbladder
Secretin: inhibits gastric gland and gastric motility, increases bile output in liver, increases pancreatic juice output rich in bicarbonate ions

Question 23

Histamine is found in the stomach mucosa and activates the release of ____ ____ in ____ cells

Answer 23

hydrochloric acid; parietal