Chapter 23

Question 1

definition and function of the epididymis

Answer 1

greatly coiled tube for sperm maturation
testes empty into here

Question 2

travel of ductus deferens including what it joins with

Answer 2

extension of epididymis passing over pubic bone and urinary bladder
widens to form ampulla and joins with seminal vesicle to make ejaculatory duct

Question 3

ejaculatory ducts paths

Answer 3

pass through prostate gland and empty into urethra

Question 4

what is the ph and function of semen

Answer 4

ph 7.2-7.8
functions include nourish/transport sperm, neutralize acidity of male urethra and female vaginal tract, lubricate reproductive tract during intercourse, and prevent infection with antibacterial enzymes and antibodies

Question 5

function of seminal vessicles

Answer 5

twisted tubes attached to posterior urinary bladder
lining produces alkaline secretion with sugars to nourish sperm (called seminal fluid and it makes up most of semen’s volume)

Question 6

functions of prostate

Answer 6

secretes alkaline substance
muscular tissue contracts to aid semen expulsion

Question 7

functions of bulbourethral glands

Answer 7

pair of small organs posterior to prostate gland
function to secrete mucus and lubricate urethra/glans penis during stimulation

Question 8

what tissue forms the glans penis and houses urethra

Answer 8

corpus spongiosum

Question 9

about how much semen per ejaculation

Answer 9

2-5 mL with 50-150 million sperm per mL

Question 10

what is housed in the scrotum?

Answer 10

testes, epididymis, proximal portion of ductus deferens

Question 11

function and containments of the spermatic cord

Answer 11

functions to suspend testes
contains blood/lymph vessels, nerves, and ductus deferens

Question 12

what cells develop into sperm?

Answer 12

cells in walls of seminiferous tubules

Question 13

what 3 cells are contained within seminiferous tubules?

Answer 13

1. cells that develop into sperm
2. sustentacular cells: nurse cells that nourish/protect developing sperm
3. specialized interstitial cells: secrete testosterone (needed for sperm development)

Question 14

acrosome

Answer 14

covers the head of the sperm
contains enzymes to penetrate ovum

Question 15

what does the head of sperm contain?

Answer 15

nucleus with chromosomes and very little cytosol (NO mitochondria)

Question 16

function of FSH in MALES

Answer 16

stimulates sustentacular cells to produce growth factors (which promote sperm formation)

Question 17

function of LH in MALES

Answer 17

stimulates interstitial cells between seminiferous tubules to produce testosterone

Question 18

what secretes gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and what does it do?

Answer 18

hypothalamus
starts at puberty and triggers release of FSH and LH

Question 19

what are the 3 functions of testosterone?

Answer 19

development/maintenance of male reproductive accessory organs
development of sperm
development of secondary sex characteristics

Question 20

what is BPH?

Answer 20

benign prostatic hyperplasia
in nearly all men by age 80; causes symptoms in about 1/2
can put pressure on urethra causing urinary issues

Question 21

what is cryptorchidism?

Answer 21

failure of testes to descent into scrotum

Question 22

what is phimosis?

Answer 22

tightness of prepuce
remedied by circumcision

Question 23

what causes syphilis?

Answer 23

spirochete bacteria treponema pallidum
can cause ulcers and increase AIDS infection chances

Question 24

what are the broad ligaments of the uterus

Answer 24

peritoneum folds that support/hold uterus in place
also contains blood vessels

Question 25

fimbriae

Answer 25

extensions of uterine tube opening create currents in peritoneal fluid to sweep ovum into tube

Question 26

what is the fornix

Answer 26

small recess in vagina's superior portion of the cervix

Question 27

what is the rectouterine pouch and what does it sit next to?

Answer 27

most inferior portion of the peritoneal cavity (narrow passage between uterus and rectum) adjacent to posterior fornix (can see into rectouterine pouch through thin tissue on vaginal exam)

Question 28

what is a hymen?

Answer 28

fold of inner membrane sometimes found near vaginal canal opening

Question 29

what are the greater vestibular glands?

Answer 29

secrete into vestibule for lubrication during intercourse the vestibule is an area near the vaginal opening

Question 30

what is the vulva

Answer 30

external genitalia labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, openings, mons pubis)

Question 31

what is the mons pubis

Answer 31

pad of fatty tissue over pubic symphysis

Question 32

what is the difference between perineum and obstetric perineum

Answer 32

perineum is entire pelvic floor OB perineum is the area between vaginal opening and anus

Question 33

what is an ovarian follicle and what does it to

Answer 33

small cluster of cells that protect ovum produce ovarian hormones located in ovaries

Question 34

what is the first day of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 34

known as the first day of menstrual flow

Question 35

definition of ovularion

Answer 35

release of gamete from ovary separates follicular and luteal phases

Question 36

describe the preovulatory (follicular) phase

Answer 36

- FSH causes many follicles with ovum to enter maturation - during maturation, follicle enlarges and fluid accumulates secreting increasing amounts of estrogen and further stimulating growth - 1 ovum is released and others degenerate - estrogen flows into blood stream and stimulates uterus to prepare endometrium for pregnancy (endometrium thickens and uterine secretion glands enlarge) - estrogen reaches high levels and stimulates production of GnRH and LH (FSH and LH levels surge triggering next phase; ovulation)

Question 37

what are the 2 phases housed in the preovulatory phase

Answer 37

menstruation proliferative phase

Question 38

what is the proliferative phase of uterine development

Answer 38

time between menstruation and ovulation endometrium is growing and FSH and LH levels surge

Question 39

describe the postovulatory (luteal) phase

Answer 39

- ovulation occurs (about 1 day after LH surge from previous phase) - LH also causes formation of corpus luteum from ruptured follicle; increasing progesterone levels - estrogen and progesterone work to continue endometrial growth (and inhibit LH and FSH) - ovum is traveling through uterine tube for possible fertilization

Question 40

what is the corpus luteum

Answer 40

structure formed by ruptured follicle influenced by LH works to secrete estrogen and progesterone

Question 41

what does progesterone do?

Answer 41

hormone that promotes survival of fertilized ovum/embryo

Question 42

what cycle is contained within the postovulatory phase

Answer 42

secretory phase of uterine cycle (because secreting estrogen and progesterone)

Question 43

what causes an ovarian cyst

Answer 43

persistence of corpus luteum

Question 44

menses

Answer 44

bloody discharge AKA menstrual flow

Question 45

describe menstruation

Answer 45

- without fertilization, corpus luteum degenerates causing estrogen/progesterone levels to fall - this triggers endometrium degeneration and menses - endometrium begins to repair self before menses ends due to low levels of estrogen/progesterone allowing for FSH release (causes new follicles to begin maturation)

Question 46

what does FSH do in FEMALES?

Answer 46

causes maturation of ovarian follicles

Question 47

what does LH do in FEMALES?

Answer 47

LH surge is responsible for ovulation

Question 48

menorrhagia

Answer 48

excessive menstrual flow

Question 49

metorrhagia

Answer 49

intermenstrual bleeding

Question 50

mifepristone

Answer 50

drug taken after conception to terminate early pregnancy (works by blocking progesterone action causing uterine lining to shed) MUST be taken with prostaglandins to expel tissue