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A&P > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Examples of infectious diseases

A

cold, AIDS, TB, food poisoning

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2
Q

Examples of degenerative diseases

A

muscular dystrophy, Alzheimer’s, osteoarthritis

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3
Q

Examples of metabolic diseases

A

diabetes

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4
Q

Examples of nutritional diseases

A

scurvy (lack of vit c), rickets (lack of vit d), anemia (lack of iron), obesity

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5
Q

examples of immune diseases

A

AIDS, RA, MS, systemic lupus
(includes allergies and autoimmune disorders)

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6
Q

definition of iatrogenic

A

disease resulting from adverse effects of treatment

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7
Q

Definition of pathogen

A

any disease causing micro-organism

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8
Q

Definition of incidence rate

A

number of new cases during specific time divided by population

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9
Q

Definition of prevalence rate

A

overall frequency in a given group

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10
Q

Definition of mortality rate

A

percent of population that dies within a given time period

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11
Q

Definition of epidemic with examples

A

many people at the same time
ex: influenza, measles, polio

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12
Q

Definition of endemic with example

A

in lesser extent, but continuously in a particular region
ex: common cold

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13
Q

Definition of pandemic with examples

A

epidemic that spreads throughout entire country, continent, planet
ex: COVID, black death

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14
Q

Definition of symptom

A

disease conditions experienced by patient (subjective)

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15
Q

Definition of a sign

A

objective manifestations that can be measured/observed

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16
Q

Definition of a syndrome

A

complex disorder with a cluster of symptoms/signs

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17
Q

Definition of naturopathy

A

helping people heal by living healthy lifestyles

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18
Q

Bacteria (general)

A

no nucleus/most organelles
requirements for water, temp, O2 vary wildly
reproduce with binary fission

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19
Q

Definition of binary fission

A

simple cell division

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20
Q

What bacteria produce endospores? with examples

A

endospores are resistant forms that can tolerate adverse conditions
can become airborne easily
all are bacilli
examples: tetanus, botulism, anthrax

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21
Q

examples of cocci

A

diplococci (pairs)
streptococci (snake-like)
staphylococci (grapelike clusters)
ex: strep, pneumonia

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22
Q

examples of bacilli

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A

straight, slender rods
ex: tetanus, TB, diphtheria

23
Q

examples of vibrios

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A

short rods with slight curve
ex: cholera

24
Q

examples of spirilla

Study These Flashcards
A

bacteria
long, wave-like (corkscrew)
ex: H. pylori

25
Rickettsia
obligate intracellular parasite spreads through insect bites ex: rocky mountain spotted fever, typhus
25
examples of spirochetes
capable of waving/twisting ex: syphilis, Lyme disease
26
Chlamydia
smaller than rickettsia obligate intracellular parasite ex: chlamydia, trachoma (eye infection)
27
viruses with examples
not cellular, but consist of nucleic acid core and protein coat obligate intracellular parasites ex: herpes, influenza, polio, AIDS, Colorado tick fever
28
fungi
yeasts and molds "mycotic infections" ex: tinea, candida, pneumocystis pneumonia
29
protozoa (general)
single-celled found in soil and bodies of water
30
amebas with example
protozoa propel by extending pseudopod and following ex: amebic dysentery
31
ciliates with example
protozoa covered with cilia that wave to propel ex: balantidum coli
32
flagellates with examples
protozoa flagella propelled ex: african sleeping sickness trichomonas vaginalis giardia
33
apicomplexan with examples
protozoa cannot propel selves obligate parasites ex: malaria
34
prions with examples
smaller and simpler than viruses made of only proteins slowly growing and hard to destroy ex: creutzfeldt-jakob disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy
35
parasitic worms (general)
helminths presence is "infestation" main classifications: round worms and flat worms
36
classifications of round worms
ascaris, pinworm, hookworm, filarial
37
ascaris
type of round worm many infest in large intestine and can cause blockage larvae can be found in routine stool exam found in Asia, but in US in children in warm climates
38
pinworm
type of round worm hard to control found in large intestines, adult female will exit to lay eggs eggs can be found for several months on surfaces
39
hook worms
type of round worm suck blood in small intestine - causes anemia host becomes susceptible to chronic infections can be transferred even walking over infected dirt with intact bare feet
40
filarial
type of round worm causes filariasis through biting insects can cause lymphatic filariasis which can cause extreme enlargement (elephantiasis) of breasts, scrotum, etc.
41
flat worms
can resemble long ribbons or leaves tapeworms: spread through improperly cooked meat, large intestines flukes: leaf-like, can infect blood, lungs, liver, intestines
42
parasitic arthropods
many act as disease vectors many cause nonfatal but uncomfortable infestations ex: lice, scabies can be treated with insecticidal creams
43
factors contributing to spread of microorganisms
increase in population disruption of animal habitats increase in travel medical advances increasing lifespan
44
definition of aseptic
condition in which no pathogens are present
45
sterilization definition and examples
to kill every living microorganism on/within something (exception is prions) ex: autoclave, dry heat, gas ehylene oxide remember that endospores need special treatment
46
disinfectant definition and examples
disinfectants are chemicals that kill most microorganisms ex: chlorine compounds, phenol compounds, mercury compounds
47
definition of antiseptic with examples
disinfectant applied to skin/other living surfaces ex: alcohol, organic iodine solutions, hydrogen peroxide, soap
48
definition of antimicrobial agents with classifications
drugs that act to kill/inhibit infections microorganisms 1. antibiotic 2. antiviral 3. antiparasitic 4. anthelmintic/vermifuge
49
antibiotics
substance produced by living cells that has power to kill/arrest growth of bacteria can lead to opportunistic infections and antibiotic resistance should encourage full course and less widespread usage
50
antiviral with classifications
difficult to develop, so very few of them function to block: 1. attachment of HIV protein to T-cell receptors preventing viral cell entry 2. removal of protein coat after cell entry 3. production/function of viral nucleic acid 4. enzymes needed to assemble/release new viral particles 5. release of viral particles from infected cells
51
definition of pure culture
large population of identical bacteria usually obtained through swabbing for isolation and then can be tested for antibiotic resistance called culture and sensitivity
52
staining techniques
necessary to view bacteria under microscope gram stain - gram + purple and gram - pink/red acid fast stain - + stay red and - turn blue

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