Flashcards in Chapter 23 Deck (41):
1
What are Lichens?
- Leafy, encrusting microbial symbioses
- mutualistic relationship (fungus and green alga(or cyanobacteria)
2
Relationship of Lichens
Phototroph produces organic matter, fungus protects phototroph from dying out
3
What are consortia?
freshwater microbial mutualisms
4
Relationship of consortia
Green sulfur bacteria (epibionts) phototrophy
flagellated rod shaped bacterium (movement)
5
What is the "genus species" name of consortia?
Chlorochromatium aggregatum
6
What is the The Legume-Root Nodule Symbiosis?
Infection of legume roots by N-fixing bacteria, leads to formation of root nodules
7
Importance of LRNS?
Increases the fixed nitrogen content of the soil, can grow well under poor soil vs plants that don't have it
8
What is O2 levels controlled by in the root nodule
leghemoglobin (O2 binding protein)
9
Process of Root Nodule Formation
1. Recognition and attachment
2. Bacterium secretes Nod factors causing root hair curling
3. Invasion. Rhizobia penetrate root hair and multiply within an infection thread.
4. Bacteria in infection thread grow toward root cell.
5. Formation of bacteroid state within plant root cells. Continued plant and bacterial cell division leads to nodules.
10
What genes encode proteins in LRNS
NodABC (Nod factors)
11
Major reactions and nutrients exchanges in bacteroid
Photosynthesis-> sugars -> organic acids --> (in bacteria) **succinate, malate, fumarate -> citric acid cycle -> ETC -> proton motive force -> ATP then **-> pyruvate -> nitrogenase AND FINALLY ATP goes into nitrogenase to make N2 -> NH3 -> glutamine asparagine
12
In the ETC, what reactions are made?
O2 + Lb -> O2 - Lb (O2 joins H2O in cell again and Lb goes out)
13
Nonlegume nitrogen fixing symbioses?
Water fern Azolla -> contains N-fixing cyanobacteria
Alder tree Alnus -> contains N-fixing Frankia (vesicles)
14
What is beneficial about Mycorrhizae?
Mutualism between plant roots and fungi in which nutrients are transferred in both directions (phosphorus, nitrogen, water from soil to plant, carbohydrates (photosynthates to the fungus>)
15
What are the two classes of Mycorrhizae?
Ectomycorrhizae
Endomycorrhizae
16
What are ectomycorrhizaes?
Fungal cells that form sheath outside of root, found primarily in forest trees
(there is little penetration into root tissue)
17
What are endomycorrhizaes?
Fungal cells that penetrate deeply into root forming fungal mycelium (which is embedded within root tissues)
more common than ectomycorrhize
found in >80% of terrestrial plant species
18
How are microbial symbionts acquired for insects?
Horizontal transmission (environment)
Vertical or heritable transmission (parent)
19
Which symbionts of insects lack a free-living replicative stage
Hertiable (vertical) symbionts
20
Differences between primary, secondary, and parasitic symbionts?
Primary:
required for host reproduction
restricted to bacteriome
Secondary:
not required for reproduction
not always present in every individual, can invade different cells and/or live extracellularly
**MUST PROVIDE A BENEFIT** (nutritional, protection from environment, pathogens etc)
Parasitic:
manipulate host's reproductive tissue
21
What do primary symbionts show extreme results of?
Extreme gene reduction
(~160 to 800 kbp vs 2 to 8 MBP of freeliving bacteria)
ONLY KEEPS GENES FOR HOST FITNESS
(loses catabolic genes, loses anabolic genes)
22
Key points of termites
-Decompose cellulose and hemicellulose
-classified as higher or lower
23
Relationship of Hawaiian Bobtail Squid & Vibrio Fischeri
Bioluminescent V. fischeri in light organ emit light that resembles moonlight and camouflages squid from predators (whiel v.f. supplied with nutrients)
24
Transmission of V. Fischeri is
Horizontal
25
Squid Life History
Squid Eggs -> Juvenile squid (which takesn in V. fischeri) -> juvenile squid (symbiotic) -> adult squid
26
What relationship is formed with chemolithitrophic prokayotes in hydrothermal vents
and endosymbiotic one with vent invertibetrates
27
relationship of vent tube worms with symbionts
facilitates growth of their symbionts, then tube worms are nourished by organic compounds produced from CO2
28
name the two transmissions for reef-building corals
releases gametes into seawater -> vertical transmission
developing coral can ingest dinoflagellates -> horizontal
29
what is coral bleaching?
loss of color caused by lysis of symbiont (generally due to high temperature/light)
30
what is the line of mammals that evolved different from the other two?
herbivores
31
what did microbial associations with certain animals lead to
the ability to catabolize plant fibers (such as insoluble polysaccharides i.e. cellulose)
32
examples of monogastric stomachs
humans,baboons, dogs,
33
two types of fermantation
foregut or hindgut
34
what is a ruminant
specialized group of foregut fermenters (herbivorous mammals, cows, sheeps, goat), possess a special digestive organ (rumen)
35
what many microbes/grams in rumen
10^10 to 10^11
36
how does fermentation in rumen work
mediated by celluloytic microbes that:
-hydrolyze cellulose to free glucose
-glucose is fermented after which creates volatile fatty acids (VFAs)
37
what are VFAs
volatile fatty acids such as acetic, propionic, and butyric acid that passes through rumen wall and enter bloodstream
-main energy source
38
what is the overall stochiometry of rumen fermentation
57.5 gloucse --> 65 acetate 20 propionate 15 butyrate + 60 C02 + 35 CH4 + 25 H20
39
HOW DOES THE RUMEN PROCESS WORK?
feed(hay grass etc) -> cellulose, starch, sugars ->(cellulolysis, amyloysis) sugars -> pyruvate -> lactate
OR sugars -> fermentation -> formate -> H2 + CO2
OR sugars -> fermentation -> succinate -> propionate + CO2
OR sugars -> fermentation -> acetate (or CO2)
JUST MEMORIZE DIAGRAMH
40
how does rumen microbes do it
synthesize amino acids and vitamins
-the microbes themselves can serve as a source of protein to host when microbes are directly digested
41