Chapter 2.3 - Changes to living and working conditions of rural and urban people

Question 1

Chapter 2.3

Answer 1

chapter 2.3

Question 2

Urban Housing: Nicholas II
What % of Russians lived in towns and cities by the 20th century?

Answer 2

15%

Question 3

What % of people in Britain and America lived in towns and cities at this time?

Answer 3

Britain - 80%
USA - 40%

Question 4

How many cities had more than 100,000 inhabitants?

Answer 4

19 cities

Question 5

When was the first census carried out?

Answer 5

1897

Question 6

What cities’ populations doubled from 1897 to 1914?

Answer 6

Riga and Kiev

Question 7

By the start of WW1, how many towns had access to electricity, gas, piped water and a sewage system respectively?

Answer 7

Electricity - 74
Gas - 35
Piped water - 200
Sewage system - 38

Question 8

How many people were killed in a cholera outbreak in St Petersburg in 1910?

Answer 8

100,000

Question 9

In a survey of 12,000 St Petersburg in 1910, what % of them drank heavily?

Answer 9

93%

Question 10

When was a sewerage system introduced in St Petersburg?

Answer 10

1911

Question 11

Urban Housing: Lenin
What did the Decree on Peace in 1917 do in regards to land and property?

Answer 11

The Decree on Peace banned private property and gave control to the Soviets over land distribution

Question 12

Urban Housing: Stalin
What of the Moscow population in the mid-1930s live in one room shared by two or more households?

Answer 12

25%

Question 13

What % of people in Moscow lived in communal dormitories?

Answer 13

25%

Question 14

What % of people in Moscow lived in a bathroom, kitchen, corridor or hallway?

Answer 14

5%

Question 15

What was the average living space in 1905 and 1935?

Answer 15

1905 - 8.5m^2
1935 - 5.8m^2

Question 16

What was the Stalinist policy on urban housing?

Answer 16

To allocate space rather than rooms to individuals and families

Question 17

Why were most social projects put on hold?

Answer 17

To focus on achieving the aims of the Five-Year plans

Question 18

How many Russians became homeless as a result of WW2?

Answer 18

25 million

Question 19

Khrushchev: Urban housing
What did Khrushchev launch?

Answer 19

A huge housing programme

Question 20

How much did the housing stock increase from 1955 to 1964?

Answer 20

The housing stock doubled

Question 21

What housing principle was abandoned under Khrushchev?

Answer 21

Communal living

Question 22

How many people moved to new apartments?

Answer 22

108 million

Question 23

What did Khrushchev increase the average apartment size to?

Answer 23

30 metres squared

Question 24

Food and Famine: Alexander II
What was Alexander II worried about?

Answer 24

That there would be widespread social unrest if food shortages continued

Question 25

Who was placed in charge of drawing up emergency measures to deal with famines in 1864?

Answer 25

The Zemstva

Question 26

Food and Famine: Alexander III How many people died in the 1891 famine?

Answer 26

350,000

Question 27

Who was A3's finance minister at the time of the famine?

Answer 27

Vyshnergradsky

Question 28

What had finance minister Vyshnergradsky done which helped cause the famine?

Answer 28

He had raised tax on consumer goods - led to people selling off surpluses of grain to cope with inflated prices

Question 29

What did Alexander III do to deal with the famine?

Answer 29

He banned exports of grain and set up a Special Committee on Famine Relief

Question 30

What did the government ban the 1891 famine on?

Answer 30

Poor farming techniques

Question 31

What was the actual cause of the 1891 famine?

Answer 31

The Mendeleev tariff

Question 32

Food and Famine: Nicholas II Why did good harvests in the first three years of WW1 not help many towns and cities?

Answer 32

Logistical problems

Question 33

How long were bread queues during WW1?

Answer 33

8 hours

Question 34

Food and Famine: Lenin When was there a food crisis?

Answer 34

1918

Question 35

What had been lost a part of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

Answer 35

Valuable agricultural land

Question 36

How did the Bolsheviks respond to the food crisis of 1918?

Answer 36

They introduced grain requisitioning

Question 37

Who were blamed for food shortages?

Answer 37

Kulaks

Question 38

Who were instructed in 1920 to seize all food supplies for redistribution?

Answer 38

The Cheka and the Red Army

Question 39

How much did Ukrainian food production fall during the winter of 1920-21?

Answer 39

20%

Question 40

Why was the Russian railway system shut down, making it extremely difficult to transport produce?

Answer 40

The Russian Civil War

Question 41

How many people died in the 1921 famine?

Answer 41

5 million

Question 42

Why was Lenin partly blamed for the famine?

Answer 42

His slow reaction to the situation and his reluctance to accept aid from the American Relief Administration

Question 43

Food and Famine: Stalin When did food shortages start to reappear?

Answer 43

1928

Question 44

Who were blamed for hoarding grain?

Answer 44

Kulaks

Question 45

What was reintroduced in 1928?

Answer 45

Grain requisitioning

Question 46

What was the Urals-Siberian method?

Answer 46

Villagers were encouraged to reveal grain hoarders and those who showed bourgeois tendencies in exchange for rewards

Question 47

What was the main reason for the 1932-34 famine?

Answer 47

Collectivisation

Question 48

What was introduced for people who stole grain?

Answer 48

The death penalty

Question 49

What was banned?

Answer 49

Discussion of the grain crisis

Question 50

How many people died in the famine of 1932-34?

Answer 50

7 million

Question 51

How much had the consumption of meat and fish fallen by the late 1930s?

Answer 51

80%

Question 52

What was relaxed during WW2?

Answer 52

Collectivisation policy - food production rose

Question 53

When was there another famine?

Answer 53

1947

Question 54

Food and Famine: Khrushchev What increased the amount of land used for wheat production?

Answer 54

The Virgin Land Campaign

Question 55

What was improved under Khrushchev?

Answer 55

The state pricing mechanism

Question 56

Urban Work: Alexander III What was introduced in 1882 to make improve safety?

Answer 56

A factory inspectorate

Question 57

Why was the factory inspectorate largely ineffective?

Answer 57

There were too few inspectors and had limited powers of enforcement

Question 58

What did factory legislation in 1882 ban?

Answer 58

The employment of children under the age of 12

Question 59

Urban Work: Nicholas II How long was the average working day?

Answer 59

9-10 hours

Question 60

What was set up in 1912?

Answer 60

A workers insurance scheme

Question 61

Urban Work: Provisional Government How long was the working day under the provisional government?

Answer 61

8 hours

Question 62

Urban Work: Lenin What was introduced in February 1920?

Answer 62

The Rabkrin (The Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate)

Question 63

Why was the Rabkrin a step backwards?

Answer 63

This body was a talking shop rather than one that enforced industrial law

Question 64

What was enforced upon workers?

Answer 64

The 'New Work Discipline'

Question 65

How much were workers often fined for mistakes?

Answer 65

10%

Question 66

What were workers shot for being?

Answer 66

'Anti-revolutionary'

Question 67

Urban Work: Stalin What was the average working day in 1932?

Answer 67

10-12 hours

Question 68

What was the average working day in 1939?

Answer 68

7 hours

Question 69

How much did real wages fall in the first 5-year plan?

Answer 69

50%

Question 70

When did wages start to reach the levels of the early 1920s?

Answer 70

1954

Question 71

What was introduced to pay workers for what they produced?

Answer 71

Piece-rate payments

Question 72

Urban Work: Khrushchev What was the average working day in 1958?

Answer 72

7 hours