Chapter 23 respiratory part 3

Question 1

optimal gas exchange requires the coupling of _______ and _______

Answer 1

ventilation and perfusion

Question 2

What the relationship between alveolar ventilation and blood flow to the alveoli called

Answer 2

ventilation perfusion coupling

Question 3

What is the amount of gas reaching alveoli

Answer 3

ventilation

Question 4

What is the blood flow in pulmonary capillaries

Answer 4

perfusion

Question 5

What is blood that is not completely oxygenated called

Answer 5

shunted blood

Question 6

What occurs due to deoxygenated blood from bronchi/bronchioles mixing blood in pulmonary veins

Answer 6

anatomical shunt

Question 7

What occurs from a combo of anatomical shunt and incompletely oxygenated blood from alveoli (1-2% of CO)

Answer 7

physiological shunt

Question 8

What can occur is there is insufficient blood flood to the alveoli and insufficient air flow

Answer 8

disruption

Question 9

Disruption from less blood flow can occur from (2)

Answer 9

Post MI (decrease CO)
body position
(standing = increase gas exchange)

Question 10

Disruption from less ventilation can occur from (2)

Answer 10

pulmonary capillaries not fully oxygenated (asthma attack)

pneumonia/pulmonary edema (fluid build up)

Question 11

Ventilation-perfusion coupling is controlled by what mechanism

Answer 11

local autoregulatory mechanism

Question 12

Partial pressure of oxygen, the amount of O2 dissolved in the blood controls perfusion via change in __________

Answer 12

arterial diameter

Question 13

partial pressure of CO2, amount of CO2 within arterial or venous blood controls ventilation via change in __________

Answer 13

bronchiole diameter

Question 14

What is used by cells to make ATP from glucose

Answer 14

O2

Question 15

What percentage of O2 is bound to Hgb within RBCs (heme portion =carry up to 4 O2 molecules)

Answer 15

98.5%

Question 16

What percentage of O2 is dissolved in plasma?

Answer 16

1.5%

Question 17

What is formed as a by-product of breakdown of glucose when cells use O2 to produce ATP

Answer 17

CO2

Question 18

What percentage of CO2 is converted to bicarbonate ion (HCO3)

Answer 18

70%

Question 19

What percent of CO2 is bound is Hgb within RBCs

Answer 19

23%

Question 20

What percent of CO2 is dissolved in plasma

Answer 20

7%

Question 21

What is a protein in the RBC that transports O2 and CO2 in the blood

Answer 21

hemoglobin

Question 22

There is tight regulation of CO2 in the blood because excessive CO2 can lead to what?

Answer 22

acidic blood (low pH)

Question 23

What binds to alpha and beta globin chains of Hgb

Answer 23

CO2

Question 24

What effect describes the relationship between the amount of oxygen bound to Hgb and the amount of CO2 bound
(less O2 bound means more CO2 can bind)

Answer 24

Haldane effect

Question 25

In the tissue, CO2 diffuses into the ______ and into the _____ cells

Answer 25

plasma blood cells

Question 26

In the tissue, In RBC, CO2 reacts with water to form what?

Answer 26

carbonic acid (H2CO3)

Question 27

In the tissue, What enzyme catalyzes the carbonic acid formation

Answer 27

carbonic anhydrase

Question 28

In the tissue, Carbonic acid will dissociate to form what two ions

Answer 28

HCO3- and H+

Question 29

In the tissue, HCO3- floats out of RBC, but the electrical neutrality is kept from the diffusion of what ion into the RBC

Answer 29

Cl-

Question 30

In the tissue, What Ion combines with Hgb to promote O2 release

Answer 30

H+

Question 31

In the lungs, CO2 diffuses from RBC and plasma into the ______

Answer 31

alveoli

Question 32

In the lungs, carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the formation of ______ and ______ from H2CO3-

Answer 32

CO2 and H2O

Question 33

In the lungs, bicarb ions and H+ combine to replace

Answer 33

H2CO3-

Question 34

In the lungs, as HCO3- diffuses into the RBC, electrical neutrality is kept by ______ flowing out

Answer 34

Cl-

Question 35

In the lungs, H+ ions are released from the Hgb, promoting the binding of ______

Answer 35

O2

Question 36

What condition is inadequate oxygen delivery to the body tissues called?

Answer 36

hypoxia

Question 37

Hypoxia is viewed as a _______ when Hgb saturation is <75% (see in nails and mucosa)

Answer 37

cyanotic hue

Question 38

what classification of hypoxia is due to decreased RBCs or decreased/abnormal Hgb

Answer 38

anemic

Question 39

what classification of hypoxia is due to impaired/blocked blood circulation

Answer 39

ischemic

Question 40

what classification of hypoxia is due to reduced arterial PO2, abnormal V-Q coupling, pulmonary diseases, or air with decreased O2

Answer 40

hypoxemic

Question 41

What is an odorless colorless gas that is the leading cause of death from fire

Answer 41

carbon monoxide poisoning

Question 42

Hgb has a ____ greater affinity for CO than Oxygen

Answer 42

200x

Question 43

Sx of CO poisoning (3)

Answer 43

confusion, HA, Skin cherry red

Question 44

Tx for CO poisoning (2)

Answer 44

Hyperbaric therapy or 100% oxygen until CO cleared from body

Question 45

What is true or normal Respiratory rate and rhythm

Answer 45

EUPNEA

Question 46

What is the increase in rate and depth of breathing that exceeds the body's need to remove CO2, anxiety attack

Answer 46

hyperventilation

Question 47

You should never hyperventilate prior to swimming or you will

Answer 47

drown

Question 48

What is low CO2 levels in the blood as blow off CO2 leads to constriction of brain BVs, which leads to low brain perfusion, which leads to cerebral ischemia, which leads to dizziness/fainting

Answer 48

hypocapnea

Question 49

what are Sx of hypocapnea

Answer 49

tingling tetany of face and hands from hypocalcemia as pH rises

Question 50

How do you counteract hypocapnea

Answer 50

breathe in paper bag

Question 51

what means breathing cessation

Answer 51

apnea

Question 52

Ventilation increases 10-20 fold during vigorous ______

Answer 52

exercise

Question 53

What is increased ventilation to match metabolic needs (not alter O2 and CO2 levels)

Answer 53

hyperapnea

Question 54

Sudden increase in altitude from sea level to >8000 feet lowers what 2 things

Answer 54

PO2 and Atm pressure

Question 55

high altitude sickness is also called ...

Answer 55

acute mountain sickness

Question 56

Sx of AMS

Answer 56

HA SOB Nausea Dizzy

Question 57

Severe AMS can cuase edema where (2)

Answer 57

cerebral and pulmonary

Question 58

Long term AMS acclimates via increased ____ and less O2 available

Answer 58

ventilation

Question 59

long term AMScauses the kidneys to preoduce ________ and bone marrow to produce ________

Answer 59

erythropoietin RBCS

Question 60

Tx for AMS (3)

Answer 60

dexamethasone (diamox) O2 lower altitude