Chapter 25

Question 1

Mountain ranges on the sea floor separated by valleys.

Answer 1

Mid-Ocean Ridge (MOR)

Question 2

Long narrow depression. Forms between peaks along MOR (Mid-Ocean Ridge)

Answer 2

Rift Valley

Question 2

The boundary of which to plates collided.

Answer 2

Convergent Plate Boundary

Question 3

Thick continental plate meets dense oceanic plate and the denser plate dives beneath the continent.

Answer 3

Subduction

Question 4

The boundary between two plates moving apart.

Answer 4

Divergent Plate Boundary

Question 5

The boundary of which two plate horizontally move past each other in opposite directions.

Answer 5

Transform Plate Boundary

Question 6

The sudden movement or vibration of the ground when rocks slip/slide along one of Earth’s faults.

Answer 6

Earthquake

Question 7

A crack in Earth’s crust where rock has moved.

Answer 7

Fault

Question 8

The sudden release of strain energy as a rock moves along a fault.

Answer 8

Elastic Rebound

Question 9

The point of origin for an earthquake.

Answer 9

Focus

Question 10

The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus.

Answer 10

Epicenter

Question 11

Who came up with the continental drift hypothesis?

Answer 11

Alfred Wegener

Question 12

What evidence supported Alfred Wegener’s hypothesis?

Answer 12

1. Coastlines match up like puzzle pieces.
2. large land animal fossil were found.
3. Mountain ranges match up and rocks have been found of the same composition and age.

Question 13

What was the name of the supercontinent?

Answer 13

Pangea

Question 14

Who came up with the sea spreading hypothesis.

Answer 14

Harry Hess

Question 15

How did Harry Hess map the bottom of the sea floor?

Answer 15

Sonar

Question 16

What system did Harry Hess discover?

Answer 16

Mid-Ocean Range (MOR)

Question 17

Where is the youngest rock going to be found on the bottom of the sea floor?

Answer 17

Nearest to the MOR

Question 18

What are the three types of plate boundaries?

Answer 18

1. Divergent Boundary
2. Convergent Boundary
3. transfor Boundary

Question 19

How do convergent plate boundaries move?

Answer 19

They collide

Question 20

Subduction zones only occur with what type of plate boundary?

Answer 20

Convergent plate boundaries

Question 21

How do divergent plate boundaries move?

Answer 21

They move apart.

Question 22

What are two specific types of divergent plate boundaries?

Answer 22

The MOR and East African Rift

MOR- made up 2 of oceanic crusts

East African Rift- made up of only continental crust

Question 23

How do plate transform boundaries move?

Answer 23

The slide alongside eachother in opposite directions.

Question 24

What is a specific type of transform plate boundary?

Answer 24

San Andreas Fault San Andreas Fault- made up of two continental crusts

Question 25

How do convection currents work?

Answer 25

1. Magma heats up, becomes less dense, and then rises. | 2. The magma becomes less heated the farther away from the core and eventually falls back down to the core.

Question 26

What are other forces that help plate movement?

Answer 26

1. Slab pull- pulls down along subduction zone 2. Ridge push- pushes plates apart along MOR 3. Friction- Helps plates move

Question 27

What land form is created when two continental crusts converge?

Answer 27

Mountains

Question 28

What land form is created when two oceanic crusts converge?

Answer 28

Deep-sea trench and hot spots (creates islands)

Question 29

what types of landforms are created when oceanic and continental crusts converge?

Answer 29

Deep-sea trenches and volcanoes

Question 30

What types of crust are involved in plate moement?

Answer 30

Oceanic and Continental crusts

Question 31

What type of plate boundaries have shallow earthquakes?

Answer 31

Divergent and Transform Plate Boundaries | 70 km below the surface

Question 32

Which plate boundary have deeper earthquakes?

Answer 32

Convergent Plate Boundaries | Deeper than 70 km

Question 33

What are the four types of stress rocks can undergo?

Answer 33

``` Compression Stress (Pushed together) Tension Stress Pulling or tension of rock) Shear Stress (rubbing of two surfaces) Torsion Stress (twisting of surfaces) ```

Question 34

What are the two types of deformation?

Answer 34

Elastic Deformation & Plastic Deformation

Question 35

What happens to the rock when elastic deformation occurs?

Answer 35

As soon as the stress is released, it returns to its original shape.

Question 36

What happens to a rock when plastic deformation occurs?

Answer 36

As soon as the stress is released it remains in itś new shape.

Question 37

What types of seismic waves are there?

Answer 37

Primary Seismic Waves (P Waves) Secondary Seismic Waves (S Waves) Surface Seismic Waves

Question 38

Where do seismic waves originate from?

Answer 38

They start from the focus.

Question 39

Which type of seismic wave moves the fastest?

Answer 39

Primary (P) Wave

Question 40

What type of wave is a Primary (P) Wave? How do they move?

Answer 40

Compression Wave. They move back and forth compressing and decompressing.

Question 41

How do Secondary waves move? What types of waves are they?

Answer 41

They go up and down perpendicularly. Transverse waves.

Question 42

What materials can Primary (P) waves move through?

Answer 42

Liquids and Solids

Question 43

What materials can Secondary (S) waves move through?

Answer 43

Solids.

Question 44

What are the most complex and dangerous type of seismic wave?

Answer 44

Surface waves (rolling motion causing trees and buildings to collapse.)

Question 45

What two scales are used to measure earthquakes?

Answer 45

Richter Scale | Mercalli Scale

Question 46

What does the Richter scale measure?

Answer 46

The amount of energy released.

Question 47

What does the Mercalli scale measure?

Answer 47

The amount of damage caused.