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Pharmacology > Chapter 25 Exam Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 25 Exam Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the apical pulse rate need to be to withhold digoxin?

A

■ If rate is less than 60 bpm, digoxin is withheld

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2
Q

what is another name for adenosine-

A
  • adenocard
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3
Q

adenosine is what?

A
  • Injectable antiarrhythmic agent

- Multiple electrophysiologic activities

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4
Q

how does adenosine work?

A
  • Restores normal sinus rhythm in paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia by slowing conduction time through the atrioventricular (AV) node
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5
Q

what 3 properties does adenosine have?

A

-Vasodilatory, antiadrenergic, and negative chronotropic (decrease in rate) properties that act to decrease cardiac oxygen demand

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6
Q

amiodarone is also known as…

A
  • Cordarone
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7
Q

what is amiodarone used for?

A
  • Oral and injectable antiarrhythmic agent approved for treatment of refractory life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias
  • preventing the recurrence of atrial fibrillation
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8
Q

how does amiodarone work in the muscle?

A

-Also relaxes both smooth and cardiac muscle, causing decreases in coronary and peripheral vascular resistance and systolic blood pressure

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9
Q

what is an example of Beta-Adrenergic Blockers?

A

propranolol

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10
Q

propranolol is aka….

A

Inderal

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11
Q

what are beta-blockers?

A

Antiarrhythmics that combat arrhythmias by inhibiting adrenergic (sympathetic) nerve receptors

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12
Q

beta blocker action…

A

–Complex action and the results can include a membrane-stabilizing effect on the heart

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13
Q

Examples of calcium channel blockers

A

verapamil & diltiazem

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14
Q

trade name for verapamil

A

Calan

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15
Q

trade name for diltiazem

A

Cardizem

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16
Q

verapamil and diltiazem are the only calcium channel blockers that…..

A

possess significant antiarrhythmic activity

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17
Q

Calcium channel blockers treatment…

A
  • Indicated for treatment of atrial fibrillation/flutter and PSVT
  • treatment of angina and hypertension
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18
Q

Calcium channel blockers conduction…

A

–Counteract arrhythmias by slowing AV nodal conduction

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19
Q

What does high blood pressure increase?-

A 
–	The risk of angina
–	Myocardial infarction
–	Heart failure
–	Stroke
–	Retinopathy
–	Peripheral arterial disease
–	Kidney disease
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20
Q

Thiazide diuretics-

A

– Most patients meeting the criteria for drug therapy should be started on thiazide-type diuretics
■ Either alone or in combination with a drug from one of the other drug classes
– Appear to be as effective as other antihypertensive agents and are inexpensive

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21
Q

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors (ACEIs)-

A

– First- or second-line agents in the treatment of hypertension; decrease vasoconstriction
– Excellent alone or in combination with other antihypertensives (e.g., diuretics)

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22
Q

Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) (losartan)-

A

– Similar to ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) (e.g., losartan)

– Block angiotensin receptor that causes vasoconstriction when stimulated by angiotensin II

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23
Q

Peripheral Vasodilator example

24
Q

what is hydralazine sometimes used in the treatment of ?

Study These Flashcards
A

moderate to severe hypertension

25
coronary vasodilators Include what agents?
-nitroglycerin and isosorbide
26
What coronary vasodilators agent is most commonly used?-
nitroglycerin
27
Nitroglycerin form examples-
``` ■ SL tablets and SL spray ■ Timed-release capsules ■ Patch ■ Ointment ■ IV ```
28
Bile Acid Sequestrants examples
– cholestyramine (Questran) and colesevelam (WelChol)
29
Bile Acid sequestrants function...
– Bind bile acids in the intestine, interrupting the process by which bile acids are returned to the liver for reuse
30
Nicotinic Acid (Niacin) example...
Niaspan
31
Nicotinic acid function...
– Reduces hepatic synthesis of triglycerides; inhibits the mobilization of free fatty acids from the peripheral tissues
32
nicotinic acid raises what?
-Raises HDL cholesterol levels
33
nicotinic acid lowers what?
–Lowers serum total, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels
34
Fibric Acid Derivatives (Fibrates) function...
effective in patients who have extremely high triglyceride levels, elevated cholesterol levels, and combined forms of hyperlipidemia
35
why is fibric acid derivatives a good choice for diabetics?
because they improve glucose tolerance
36
fibrates fenofibrate example
TriCor
37
gemfibrozil example
Lopid
38
Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitor-
moderately reduces LDL by inhibiting intestinal absorption of both dietary and biliary cholesterol, blocking its transport in the small intestine
39
cholesterol absorption inhibitor example
Zetia
40
– (EPA) and (DHA) are found in....
fatty cold-water fish
41
– (ALA) found in
flaxseed, tofu, soybean oil, canola oil, and nuts
42
what do fatty acids do?
– Prevent primary and secondary heart disease and reduce triglycerides
43
best source of fatty acids...
– Best source fatty fish, like salmon, and fish oil capsules (OTC)
44
omega 3 fatty acids prescription...
– Lovaza – prescription only
45
Warfarin function
– Alters synthesis of blood coagulation factors in the liver by interfering with the action of vitamin K
46
Platelet inhibitors-
■ utilize a variety of mechanisms to interfere with activation pathways to prevent platelet clumping
47
platelet inhibitors are given as prophylactic therapy or as secondary prevention in patients with a history of......
stroke, recent MI, or PVD
48
Aspirin therapy-
– Ability to inhibit platelet aggregation clumping – Used after myocardial infarction or recurrent transient ischemic attacks to reduce risk of recurrence – Used to reduce risk of myocardial infarction in patients with unstable angina
49
– Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is...
a natural peptide that initiates fibrinolysis
50
thrombolytic agents function...
dissolve and liquefy the fibrin of an existing clot
51
thrombolytic drugs do what?
potentiate t-PA, resulting in clot dissolution, reperfusion of organs, and restoration of blood flow to tissues
52
Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents-
– Responsible for regulation of the production and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow
53
examples of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents
Epogen or Procrit
54
erythropoiesis stimulating agents are approved for what...?
–Approved for treatment of anemia, chronic renal failure
55
CSF definition
–Lessens severity of myelosuppression in cancer patients; has allowed chemotherapy dose intensification or maintenance of dose intensity
56
filgrastim (Neupogen)
is involved in the regulation and production of neutrophils in response to host defense needs

Pharmacology (17 decks)

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