Chapter 26

Question 1

Phylogeny:

Answer 1

The evolutionary history of a species or group of species

Question 2

Systematics:

Answer 2

the discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships

Question 3

2 components of a binomial:

Answer 3

Taxon of the genus and the specific epithet

Question 4

Taxonomic categories…

Answer 4

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 5

Sister taxa:

Answer 5

Each others closest relative

Question 6

What can we not determine from phylogenic trees?

Answer 6

1. Phenotypic similarity
2. The order in which things evolve
3. Cannot assume the taxon closest to another evolved from each other

Question 7

Convergent evolution:

Answer 7

When 2 species develop similar traits without having a recent common ancestor. (ex. birds wings and insect wings)

Question 8

Homologous traits…

Answer 8

come from ancestors

Question 9

Analogous traits…

Answer 9

come from environmental preassures

Question 10

What is a clade?

Answer 10

An ancestral species and all of its decedents.

Question 11

Monophyletic group:

Answer 11

also called a clade!

Question 12

Paraphyletic:

Answer 12

consists of an ancestral species and some of its decendants

Question 13

Polyphyletic:

Answer 13

distantly related species but does not include their most recent common ancestor

Question 14

Phylogenic trees represent…

Answer 14

…a maximum likelihood about how the organisms in the tree are related to one another.

Question 15

The 3 domains:

Answer 15

Bacteria, Archea, and Eukarya

Question 16

Which 2 domains include all prokaryotes?

Answer 16

Archaea and Eukarya

Question 17

Which kingdom was removed because of the 3-domain system?

Answer 17

Monera because its members would have been in 2 different domains.

Question 18

Kingdom Protista failed because…

Answer 18

…some members were more closely related to plants, fungi, or animals than to the other protists.

Question 19

Horizontal gene transfer:

Answer 19

The process in which genes are transferred from one genome to another (with normal mating) in distantly related species.

Question 20

Who developed taxonomy?

Answer 20

Carl von Linne –> Carolus Linnaeus

Question 21

Shared ancestral characters:

Answer 21

originated in an ancestor of the taxon

Question 22

Shared derived characters:

Answer 22

evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade