Chapter 44 (Module 3)

Question 1

Osmosis:

Answer 1

movement of water down its gradient across a selectively permeable membrane

Question 2

Osmolarity:

Answer 2

the solute concentration of a solution

Question 3

Hyperosmotic side:

Answer 3

higher solute conc., lower free H2O conc.

Question 4

Hypoosmotic side:

Answer 4

lower solute conc., higher free H2O conc.

Question 5

Selectively permeable membrane: (2)

Answer 5

• divides the solution and allows water to pass from one side to the other
• prevents solutes from moving from one side to the other

Question 6

Importance of Osmoregulation:

Answer 6

1. consistant internal enviroment (pH, salinity, etc)
2. animals must maintain constant osmoregulation (gain and lose of water)

Question 7

How do animals loose water: (4)

Answer 7

1. Urine
2. Feces
3. Perspiration
4. Breath

Question 8

Osmoconformers: (4)

Answer 8

• isosmotic with their surroundings; do not regulate their osmolarity
• conserves energy
• narrow range of salinities
• ALWAYS saltwater organisms

Question 9

Osmoregulators: (2)

Answer 9

• expend energy to control water uptake and loss in a hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic environment.
• ALL vertebrates

Question 10

Freshwater fish: (2 problems they face)

Answer 10

• hypoosmotic medium (water wants to enter cells)
• water gained by osmosis; solutes lost into water by diffusion

Question 11

Saltwater/marine fish: (2 problems they face)

Answer 11

• hyperosmotic medium (water wants to leave the cells)
• water lost by osmosis; solutes gained by diffusion

Question 12

Terrestrial animals: (2 problems they face)

Answer 12

• Hyperosmotic medium (water wants to leave the cells)
• water is lost from evaporation and during breathing

Question 13

Deamination:

Answer 13

result of the metabolic process –> typically as ammonia

Question 14

Excretion:

Answer 14

must be dissolved in water

Question 15

Forms of removal: (3)

Answer 15

• Ammonia: aquatic animals, most bony fish
• Urea: mammals, amphibians, sharks
• Uric acid: birds, reptiles, insects

Question 16

Strategies for removal: (3)

Answer 16

• Flushing: dump NH3 into water at the gills
• Detoxification: NH3 is converted to urea and transported to kidneys
• Insolubilization: NH3 is converted to uric acid and excreted as a solid or kept in an egg (uses less water)

Question 17

Filtration:

Answer 17

body fluids pass through special structures to remove unwanted materials

Question 18

Reabsorption:

Answer 18

reclaiming valuable solutes from the filtrate

Question 19

Secretion:

Answer 19

adding nonessential solutes and water to the filtrate

Question 20

Excretion:

Answer 20

processed filtrate containing nitrogenous waste is released from the body

Question 21

Protonephridia:

Answer 21

• found in protonephridia
• taken in by cilia in the flame bulb, filtered, and pushed through tubules

Question 22

Metanephridia:

Answer 22

• found in earthworms, Annelida
• Uses a collecting tubule and a network of capillary networks

Question 23

Malpighian tubules:

Answer 23

• found in some insects
• bring salt, water, and N waste into the Hindgut

Question 24

Blood to the Kidney: (3)

Answer 24

• blood flows to kidneys in renal artery
• branches into glomeruli (capillary beds)
• fluid that does not go into kidneys go to efferent arteriole and peritubular capillaries

Question 25

Nephron process: (7)

Answer 25

• blood comes through afferent arterioles and turn into glomerular capsule in the
• Bowman’s capsule where filtrate enters
• travels down excretory tubule
• reabsorption
• secreation
• turns to urine
• excreted

Question 26

Some of the water, ions, small nutrients, leave the blood and go into the ____ ____.

Answer 26

Kidney tubule

Question 27

Blood through the layers of the kidney: (7)

Answer 27

CORTEX
1. Proximal tubule
OUTER MEDULLA
2. Descending limb of loop of Henle
INNER MEDULLA
- Loop of Henle
3. Thin segment of ascending limb
OUTER MEDULLA
4. Thick segment of ascending limb
CORTEX
5. Distal tubule
DOWN AND OUT
6. Down collecting duct