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A&P II > Chapter 26 > Flashcards

Chapter 26 Flashcards

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1
Q

list the organs of the urinary system and briefly state their function

A

kidneys –> produce urine
ureters –> transport urine toward the urinary bladder
urinary bladder –> temporarily stores urine prior to urination
urethra –> conducts urine to exterior (in males, transports semen)

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2
Q

what is the medical term for urination?

A

micturition

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3
Q

define excretion and elimination

A

excretion –> removal of metabolic wastes from body fluids
elimination –> discharge of wastes out of the body

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4
Q

where are the kidneys positioned in the body?

A

either side of the vertebral column, between T12 and L3; the left is slightly superior to the right

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5
Q

what endocrine gland sits on top of each kidney?

A

adrenal gland

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6
Q

what condition can occur if the kidney’s suspensory fibers break or become detached?

A

the kidney is displaced and can stress the attached vessels and ureter, called floating kidney

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7
Q

what is the name of the prominent medial indentation in the kidley that is the entry point for the renal artery and nerves, and exit for renal vein and ureter?

A

hilum

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8
Q

inside the renal capsule, the kidney has an outer and inner region, what are they called?

A

outer –> renal cortex
inner –> renal medulla

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9
Q

which region of the kidney contains renal pyramids?

A

renal medulla

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10
Q

which vessels deliver blood directly to capillaries supplying individual nephrons?

A

afferent arterioles

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11
Q

what are the functional units of the kidneys called?

A

nephrons

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12
Q

what are two names given to the cup-shaped chamber that is part of the renal corpuscle?

A

bowman’s capsule & glomerular capsule

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13
Q

what is the glomerulus?

A

a knot of capillaries that projects into the enlarged, proximal end of a nephron; site of filtration

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14
Q

which arteriole carries blood out of the glomerulus?

A

efferent arteriole

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15
Q

what type of capillaries are glomerular capillaries?

A

fenestrated capillaries

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16
Q

in which part of the nephron does filtration take place?

A

renal corpuscle

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17
Q

in healthy individuals, filtration produces an essentially protein-free solution, known as ______

A

filtrate

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18
Q

what is glomerulonephritis?

A

an inflammation of the glomeruli that impairs filtration in the kidneys

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19
Q

glomerulonephritis may develop after an infection involving which genus of bacteria?

A

streptococcus bacteria

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20
Q

what occurs during reabsorption? what occurs during secretion?

A

reabsorption –> substance re-enters the blood
secretion –> enters tubular fluid from the blood

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21
Q

what is the primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

A

reabsorption of critical ions

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22
Q

what is the primary function of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)?

A

reabsorb water and selected ions, actively secrete undesirable substances

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23
Q

the juxtaglomerular complex contains a structure called the macula densa. the cells of the macula densa act like what two types of receptors?

A

chemoreceptors or baroreceptors

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24
Q

what do baroreceptors monitor?

A

blood pressure in the afferent arteriole

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25
juxtaglomerular cells in the juxtaglomerular complex secrete which hormone?
renin
26
what is the function of intercalated cells of the collecting duct?
regulate the acid-base balance in the blood
27
long, straight capillaries that parallel the juxtamedullary nephron loop are called the
vasa recta
28
what is the primary function of the descending limb of the nephron loop?
reabsorption of water from tubular fluid
29
list three important wastes produced during metabolism
urea --> produced from breakdown of amino acids creatinine --> produced from the breakdown of creatine phosphate in skeletal muscle uric acid --> produced from the recycling of nitrogenous bases from RNA molecules
30
list the three distinct processes that form urine in the kidney
filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
31
what two transport mechanisms are used during the reabsorption of substances and water in the renal tubule?
simple diffusion or carrier proteins
32
_______ is the transport of solutes from the peritubular fluid, across the tubular epithelium, and into the tubular fluid
secretion
33
which four nutrients are not detected or are detected in very small amounts in urine from a healthy adult?
glucose, lipids, amino acids, and proteins
34
what is the physical reason why glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) is greater than hydrostatic pressure in typical systemic capillaries?
GHP is greater because blood is forced through the pores of the filtration membrane, and the narrow passage out increases pressure inside
35
what would happen if the GHP and the hydrostatic pressure in typical systemic capillaries were equal?
filtration would not occur; pressure too low to push blood through resistant efferent arteriole and filtration membrane
36
what causes capsular hydrostatic pressure?
resistance to flow along the nephron and the conducting system
37
define net hydrostatic pressure (NHP)
difference between the GHP (out of bloodstream) and CHP (into bloodstream)
38
what organic molecule is responsible for blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)?
suspended proteins in the blood
39
define net filtration pressure (NFP)
difference between net hydrostatic pressure and blood colloid osmotic pressure acting across the glomerular capillaries
40
define glomerular filtration rate
amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute
41
autonomic regulation of filtration is primarily maintained by which division of the autonomic nervous system?
sympathetic division of ANS
42
what process is regulated by hormones of RAAS and natriuretic peptides?
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
43
define renal threshold
point at which useful substances in the filter exceed the kidney's availability to reabsorb them, causing these substances to begin appearing in the urine
44
define osmolarity
osmotic concentration; total number of solute particles in each liter (osmoles per liter)
45
which part of the renal tubule normally reabsorbs 60-70% of the volume of the filtrate produced in the renal corpuscle?
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
46
which limb of the nephron loop is responsible for the active secretion of ions, acids, drugs, and toxins into the tubule?
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
47
the collecting system is important in controlling the pH of body fluids through the secretion or reabsorption of which two ions?
hydrogen (H+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-)
48
define countercurrent multiplication
process by which fluid flowing in the opposite directions in the nephron loop enhances the exchange of substances, increasing the effect as flow continues
49
define countercurrent multiplication
process by which fluid flowing in opposite directions in the nephron loop enhances the exchange of substances, increasing the effect as flow continues
50
without the production of ________, water is not reabsorbed in the DCT and collecting system, so all the fluid reaching the DCT is lost in the urine
ADH
51
define urinalysis
chemical and physical analysis of a urine sample
52
what test is used to assess overall kidney function?
urinalysis --> detect presence of microorganisms, disease, drugs, etc. creatine clearance --> estimates glomerular filtration rate (GFR) blood urea nitrogen --> measures renal function
53
what is a pyelogram?
image of the urinary system
54
urine produced by the kidney is directly empties in what organ of the urinary system?
ureter
55
what is the function of the urinary bladder?
serves as temporary storage for urine
56
what is the function of rugae in the urinary bladder?
allow the mucosa lining to stretch as the bladder fills, since the rugae dissapear when the bladder is full
57
which organ in the urinary system transports urine out of the body?
the urethra
58
define incontinence
the inability to control urination voluntarily
59
what is the common name for renal calculi?
kidney stones
60
what is nephrolithiasis
condition of having renal calculi that form within the urinary tract from calcium deposits, magnesium salts, or crystals of uric acid

A&P II (9 decks)

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