Flashcards in Chapter 26 Deck (27)
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A stated position, with support for or against an idea or issue
Argument
1
To declare a state of affairs
Claim
2
Supporting material that provides grounds for belief
Evidence
3
A line of reasoning. Helps to support a claim and to substantiate in the audience's mind the link between the claim and the evidence
Warrants
4
Focus on whether something is or is not true or whether something will or will not happen
Claims of fact
5
Address issues of judgement
Claims of value
6
A type of claim of fact that addresses questions for which answers are not yet available
Speculative claims
7
A group's rules for behavior
Cultural norms
8
Recommend that a specific course of action be taken or approved
Claims of policy
9
A group's shared beliefs and values about personal identity and relationships
Cultural premises
10
Use the needs, desires, emotions, and values of audience members as the basis for accepting some evidence as support for a claim, and thus accepting the claim itself
Motivational warrants
11
Operate on the basis of the audience's beliefs about the reliability of factual evidence
Substantive warrants
12
A warrant that appeals to the credibility the audience assigns to the source of the evidence
Authoritative warrants
13
Offer a cause-and-effect relationship as proof of the claim
Warrants by cause
14
Imply that such a close relationship exists between two variables that the presence or absence of one may be taken as an indication of the presence or absence of the other
Warrants by sign
15
Compare two similar cases and imply that what is true in one case is true in the other
Warrants by analogy
16
Is either a false or erroneous statement or an invalid or deceptive line of reasoning
Logical fallacy
17
A theory of persuasive speaking in which a speaker anticipates and addresses counterarguments
Inoculation effect
18
A fallacy in which an argument is stated in such a way that it cannot help but be true, even though no evidence has been presented
Begging the question
19
Pose arguments that use general opinions as their bases
Bandwagoning
20
Poses an argument stated in terms of only two alternatives, even though there may be many additional alternatives
Either-or fallacy
21
Targets a person instead of the issue at hand in a attempt to incite an audience's dislike for that person
Ad hominem argument
23
A fallacy of reasoning in which the speaker relies on irrelevant information to support an argument
Red herring fallacy
24
A fallacy of reasoning in which the speaker attempts to support a claim by asserting that a particular piece of evidence is true for all individuals or conditions concerned
Hasty generalization
25
An argument in which the conclusion is not connected to the reasoning
Non sequitur
26
An argument based on a faulty assumption that one case will necessarily lead to a series of events or actions
Slippery slope
27
