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Biology 111 > Chapter 26 > Flashcards

Chapter 26 Flashcards

1
Q

Process

A

mechanisms of evolution

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2
Q

Patterns

A

observations of evolution’s products over time

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3
Q

Phylogeny

A

the evolutionary history of a species or a group of related species

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4
Q

the evolutionary history of a species or a group of related species

A

Phylogeny

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5
Q

What does phylogen show about legless lizards and snakes?

A

They evolved from different lineages of legged lizards

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6
Q

Systematics

A

classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships

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7
Q

the discipline that classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships

A

Systematics

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8
Q

Taxonomy

A

the scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying organisms

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9
Q

the scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying organisms

A

taxonomy

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10
Q

Two key parts of Carolus Linnaeus’s system on taxonomy

A
  1. Binomial nomenclature

2. Hierarchical classification

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11
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

two part naming system for species

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12
Q

two part naming system for species

A

binomial nomenclature

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13
Q

Hierarchical classification

A

grouping of species in increasingly inclusive categories

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14
Q

grouping of species in increasingly inclusive categories

A

Hierarchical classification

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15
Q

What is the first part of the binomial nomenclature name?

A

genus (pl. genera)

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16
Q

Second part of binomial nomenclature

A

the species epithet and is unique for each species within the genus

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17
Q

How to write the binomial nomenclature

A

Genus is always capitalized, both are either italicized or underlined

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18
Q

Why use binomial nomenclature?

A
  1. common name may refer to multiple species

2. common name may not accurately reflect the kind of organism they signify

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19
Q

Hierarchical classification from broad to narrow

A
  1. domain
  2. kingdom
  3. phylum
  4. class
  5. order
  6. family
  7. genus
  8. species
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20
Q

taxon

A

a taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy

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21
Q

a taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy

A

taxon

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22
Q

What does the Linnaean system not describe?

A

evolutionary relationships

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23
Q

What do phylogenies represent?

A

the evolutionary history of a group of organisms

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24
Q

The Linnaean system does not describe _______

A

Evolutionary relationships

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25
Pattern may or may not match _____
Linnaean classification scheme
26
What do phylogenetic trees represent?
a hypothesis about the evolutionar relationships
27
Branch point
represents the divervence of two evolutionary lineages from a common ancestor
28
represents the divervence of two evolutionary lineages from a common ancestor
branching point
29
groups that share an immediate common ancestor. they are each other's closest relatives
sister taxa
30
Sister taxa
groups that share an immediate common ancestor. they are each other's closest relatives
31
Rooted trees include a branch to represet ___
the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree (the outgroup or basal taxon)
32
Basal taxon
diverges earl in the history of the group and originates near the common ancestor of the group (sometimes called the "outgroup")
33
diverges earl in the history of the group and originates near the common ancestor of the group (sometimes called the "outgroup")
Basal taxon
34
Polytomy
a branch from which more than two groups emerge. This signifies that the evolutionary relationships are not yet clear
35
a branch from which more than two groups emerge. This signifies that the evolutionary relationships are not yet clear
polytomy
36
Lineages that share a more recent common ancestor are __________
more closely related
37
What we can and cannot determine from phylogenetic trees
Phylogenetic trees show patterns of descent, not phenotypic similarity
38
What do phylogenetic trees not indicate?
when species evolved or how much change occurred in a lineage
39
Information about morphologies, genes, and biochemistry are gathered focusing on _________
features that result from common ancestry
40
Homologies
phenotypic and genetic similarities based on shared ancestry
41
phenotypic and genetic similarities based on shared ancestry
Homologies
42
Organisms with similar morphologies or DNA sequences are likely to be more closely related than ______
organisms with different structures or sequences
43
Analogies (AKA homoplasies)
Similarities between two species that is due to convergent evolution rather than to descent from a common ancestor with the same trait
44
Similarities between two species that is due to convergent evolution rather than to descent from a common ancestor with the same trait
Analogies (AKA homoplasies)
45
Convergent evolution occurs when ______
similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar (analogous) adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages
46
How to distinguish analogy from homology
comparing fossil evidence and the degree of complexity
47
The more elements that are similar in two complex structures ________
the more likely they are homologous
48
Cladistics
groups of organisms by common descent
49
groups of organisms by common descent
cladistics
50
Methods of using homologous characters to infer a phylogeny
cladistics
51
Cladistics lace species into groups called ____
Clades
52
Clade
a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants
53
a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants
clade
54
Clades are nested in larger clades, but...
not all grouping of organisms qualify as clades
55
Monopyletic group (single tribe)
In order to be a clade, the group must contain the common ancestor and all of its descendants
56
In order to be a clade, the group must contain the common ancestor and all of its descendants
Monopyletic group (single tribe)
57
Paraphyletic group (beside the tribe)
consists of an ancestral species and some but not all of the descendants
58
consists of an ancestral species and some but not all of the descendants
Paraphyletic group (beside the tribe)
59
Polyphyletic group (many tribes)
includes distantly related species but does not include theirmost recent common ancestor
60
includes distantly related species but does not include theirmost recent common ancestor
Polyphyletic group (many tribes)
61
Remember descent with modification
organisms share traits with ancestors, but also developed new traits that are different from their ancestors
62
Shared ancestral character
a character, shared by members of a particular clade, that originated in an ancestor that is not a member of that clade
63
a character, shared by members of a particular clade, that originated in an ancestor that is not a member of that clade
Shared ancestral character
64
Shared derived character
an evolutionary novelty | unique to a particular clade
65
an evolutionary novelty | unique to a particular clade
Shared derived character
66
Outgroup
species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species being studied (ingroup)
67
species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species being studied (ingroup)
Outgroup
68
Principle of maximum parsimony
should first investigate | the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts
69
should first investigate | the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts
Principle of maximum parsimony
70
Principle of maximum likelihood-
- used in molecular data to identify the tree most likely to produce the given set of DNA data based on certain probability rules about how DNA sequences change over time
71
- used in molecular data to identify the tree most likely to produce the given set of DNA data based on certain probability rules about how DNA sequences change over time
Principle of maximum likelihood-

Biology 111 (8 decks)

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