Chapter 33 quiz Flashcards
1
Q
Sessile organisms with a sac-like body (many pores)
A
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
2
Q
5,500+ species
A
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
3
Q
Inhabit marine or freshwater
A
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
4
Q
Filter feeders (capture food particles suspended in water that pass through body)
A
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
5
Q
Has spongocoel and osculum
A
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
6
Q
Exhibit cellular level of organization (lack tissues, groups of similar that act as functional units)
A
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
7
Q
Cells include choanocytes and amoebocytes
A
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
8
Q
consist of a gelatinous noncellular mesohyl layer between two cell layers
A
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
9
Q
Sponges are hermaphroditic
A
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
10
Q
Most are sequentially hermaphroditic functioning as one sex then the other
A
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
11
Q
Asexual reproduction occurs via budding and production of dormant clusters of embryonic cells (gemmules)
A
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
12
Q
Sexual reproduction occurs when gametes arise from amoebocytes or choanocytes, female sponge retains eggs, male sponge release sperm through osculum, sperm are drawn into nearby individuals where fertilization occus in the mesohyl
Zygotes develop into flagellated swimming larvae that disperse until they find a suitable subtrate and develop into a sessile adult
A
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
13
Q
Classes in Phylum Porifera
A
- Calcarea: Calcareous Sponges
- Demospongiae: Commercial and Freshwater sponges
- Hexactinellida: Glass sponges
- Homoscleromorpha
14
Q
Characterized by CaCO3 spicules (3 or 4 points), all 3 body plans represented
A
Class Calcarea: Calcareous Sponges
15
Q
Spicules made of silica and spongin, almost all are leuconoid
A
Class Demospongiae (81% of all Porifera)
16
Q
Spicules made of silica (with 4 and/or 6 points), Syconoid or Leuconoid
A
Class Hexactinellida: Glass Sponges
17
Q
Recently recognized 4th class of sponges, Silica spicules are small or absent
A
Class Homoscleromorpha
18
Q
Diploblastic members of group Radiata
A
Phylum Ctenophora (Comb Jellies)
19
Q
100 species
A
Phylum Ctenophora (Comb Jellies)
20
Q
Exhibit incomplete gut (single opening acts a mouth and anus)
A
Phylum Ctenophora (Comb Jellies)
21
Q
Specialized cells colloblasts that secrete sticky substance to capture prey
A
Phylum Ctenophora (Comb Jellies)
22
Q
Exhibit bioluminescence
A
Phylum Ctenophora (Comb Jellies)
23
Q
10,000 species
A
Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)
24
Q
Diploblastic member of group Radiata
A
Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)
25
Body plan - sac with a central digestive compartment (gastrovascular cavity)
Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)
26
Two body plan variations:
1. polyp - sessile, attaches to the substrate via the aboral end of its body. Feeding structures extend upward waiting for prey
2. medusa - motile, bell-shaped body with mouth on the underside
Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)
27
All are carnivores that use tentacles to capture prey
Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)
28
cells include cnidocytes (specialized cells that function in defense and prey capture); organelles consist of nematocysts (organelles within the cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread to subdue prey
Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)
29
Nervous system and muscles are simple
Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)
30
Contains nerve net
Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)
31
Do not actively hunt, but are capable of movement
Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)
32
Two major clades of Phylum Cnidaria
1. Medusozoa - produce a medusa
| 2. Anthozoa (class anthozoa)
33
Medusozoa
1. Class Hydrozoa (hydrozoans)
2. Class Scyphozoa
3. Class Cubozoa
34
Mostly marine, few fresh water
Class Hydrozoa
35
Life cycle - alternates between polyp and medusa
Class Hydrozoa
36
Hydra, a freshwater cnidarian, exist only in polyp form and reproduces asexually by budding
Class Hydrozoa
37
True jellies
Class scyphozoa
38
all marine
Class Scyphozoa
39
Polyp stage is reduced - Medusa stage is nominantt
Class Scyphozoa
40
Medusae are free swimming and relativel large (up to 2m in diameter)
Class Scyphozoa
41
Box Jellies
Class Cubozoa
42
All marine
Class Cubozoa
43
Box shaped medusa is dominant stage
Class Cubozoa
44
Complex eyes (can see images)
Class Cubozoa
45
Highly toxic cnidocytes
Class Cubozoa
46
Sea wasp (Australia) sting can lead to respiratory failure, cardiac arrest and death within minutes
Class Cubozoa
47
Corals and sea anemones
Class Anthozoa
48
Corals and sea anemones
Class Anthozoa
49
All marine
Class Anthozoa
50
Occur as polyps only
Class Anthozoa
51
Corals secrete a hard exoskeleton and often form symbioses with algae
Class Anthozoa
52
Sea anemones are sessile polyps and form symbioses with other species like the clown fish
Class Anthozoa
53
Three major clades of Bilaterians
1. Lophotrochozoans
2. Ecdysozoa
3. Deuterostomina
54
Clade identified by molecular data and is thus a morphologically diverse clade with respect to body forms:
1. Lophophore - crown of ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth and are used for feeding
2. Trochophore - larval stage observed in lophotrochozoan animals (including some annelids and molluscs)
Lophotrochozoans
55
Phlya Platyhelminthes, Syndermata, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Mollusca, and Annelida
Lophotrochozoan
56
Flatworms
Phylum Platyhelminthes
57
Free living members of this phylum live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats
Phylum Platyhelminthes
58
Many, like flukes and tapeworms are parasitic
Phylum Platyhelminthes
59
Are triploblastic acoelomates with gastrovascular cavity with only one opening (incomplete gut/no true vascular system)
Phylum Platyhelminthes
60
Branches of gastrovascular cavity distribute food directly to cells
Phylum Platyhelminthes
61
Excretory system consists of protonephridia with flam bulbs/cells
Phylum Platyhelminthes
62
Protonephridia with flame bulbs/cells - act like kidneys for waste removal
Phylum Platyhelminthes
63
Class Turbellaria
Phylum Platyhelminthes
64
Free living flatworms
Class Turbellaria
65
Best known are Planarians
Class Turbellaria
66
Fresh water predatory flatworm
Class Turbellaria
67
Exhibit cephalization
Class Turbellaria
68
Eyespots detect lights
Class Turbellaria
69
Auricles detect chemicals
Class Turbellaria
70
Are hermaphroditic and reproduce sexually and asexually (fission)
Class Turbellaria
71
Class Trematoda
Phylum Platyhelminthes
72
Flukes
Class Trematoda
73
Parasitic organisms with complex life-cycles
Class Trematoda
74
Alternate between asexual and sexual stages
Class Trematoda
75
Ex. Blood fluke causes Schistosomiasis
Class Trematoda
76
Primary host (reproductive host) is humans
Class Trematoda
77
Intermediate host (larval development) are snails
Class Trematoda
78
Class Cestoda
Phylum Platyhelminthes
79
Tapeworms
Class Cestoda
80
Usually a vertebrate host
Class Cestoda
81
Lack a head or mouth
Class Cestoda
82
Scolex with hooks and suckers
Class Cestoda
83
No digestive tract - absorb nutrients across body wall from host
Class Cestoda
84
Proglottids make up rest of body
Class Cestoda
85
Contain reproductive structures, mature proglottids on posterior end, new proglottids develop at neck, Human-Livestock life cycle, Dog/Cat-Flea life cycle
Class Cestoda
86
Rotifers and Acanthocephalans
Phylum Syndermata
87
Previously members of this phylum were in separate phyla (Rotifera and Ancanthocephala). However, acanthocephalans are now known to be 'highly modified' rotifers. Thus, they combined these two groups into a new phyla
Phylum Syndermata
88
Rotifers are small free-living "wheel animals"
Phylum Syndermata
89
Ciliated crown or corona used to draw water into jaws and grind up microorganisms
Phylum Syndermata - Rotifers
90
Exhibit a complete digestive tract (protostome)
Phylum Syndermata - Rotifers
91
Are pseudocoelomates
Phylum Syndermata - Rotifers
92
Reproduction: parthenogenisis - female only asexual reproduction. Female produces clonal offspring from unfertilized eggs
Phylum Syndermata - Rotifers
93
No males
Phylum Syndermata - Rotifers
94
Bdelloidea - has persisted without males for 50 million years
Phylum Syndermata - Rotifers
95
Spiny-head worms
Acanthocephalans
96
Highly modified rotifers
Acanthocephalans
97
Parasites of vertebrate
Acanthocephalans
98
Sexual reproduction
Acanthocephalans
99
organisms that exhibit a lophophore feeding structure
Lophophorates
100
are triploblastic coelomates lacking cephalization
Lophophorates
101
Have complete U-shaped gut (protostome)
Lophophorates
102
Lophophorates
Two phyla: Ectoprocta and Brachiopoda
103
Bryozoans or “moss animals”
Phylum Ectoprocta
104
Sessile colonial animals encased in hard exoskeletons
Phylum Ectoprocta
105
Lophophores extend from the pores
Phylum Ectoprocta
106
Most marine-some freshwater (lakes and rivers)
Phylum Ectoprocta
107
Brachiopods or lamp shells
Phylum Brachiopoda
108
Exclusively marine
Phylum Brachiopoda
109
Superficially look like clams, but have a long stalk for attachment to sea floor
Phylum Brachiopoda
110
Two halves of shell are dorsal ventral (not lateral, as seen in clams)
Phylum Brachiopoda
111
Mollusks
Phylum Mollusca
112
Most are aquatic. Of the aquatic species, most are marine. Some are moist terrestrial
Phylum Mollusca
113
Have a soft body (most protected with a shell)
Phylum Mollusca
114
Trochophore larval stage
Phylum Mollusca
115
Are coelomate organisms with a complete gut (protostome)
Phylum Mollusca
116
All have a muscular foot for movement, a visceral mass that contains the internal organs and a mantle that covers the visceral mass and secretes the shell (if present)
Phylum Mollusca
117
Many also have: mantle cavity that houses the gills, anus, and excretory pores and a radula to scrape food
Phylum Mollusca
118
Reproduce sexually
- Most have separate sexes.
- Many snails are hermaphroditic but do not self-fertilize
Phylum Mollusca
119
Include Class Polyplacophora, Class Gastropoda, Class Bivalvia, and Class Cephalopoda
Phylum Mollusca
120
Chitons
Class Polyplacophora
121
Marine organisms encased in an armor of 8 plates.
Class Polyplacophora
122
Foot used for movement and as a suction cup to grip substrate
Class Polyplacophora
123
Snails and Slugs
Class Gastropda
124
75% of all mollusks are members of class Gastropoda.
Class Gastropda
125
Most are marine but can be freshwater or terrestrial
Class Gastropda
126
Shell for protection from injury, dehydration, and predation
Class Gastropda
127
Can be herbivorous or predatory (all have radula)
Class Gastropda
128
Clams, oysters, mussels, scallops
Class Bivalvia
129
All aquatic filter-feeders that lack head and radula
Class Bivalvia
130
Two-part shell joined at a dorsal hinge (shells are left and right sides of the animal)
Class Bivalvia
131
Muscular foot for burrowing and paired gills for gas exchange
Class Bivalvia
132
Squid, octopuses, nautiluses
Class Cephalopoda
133
Most complex of all invertebrates having a well-developed nervous system and sense organs.
Class Cephalopoda
134
Most complex of all invertebrates having a well-developed nervous system and sense organs.
Class Cephalopoda
135
Have a closed circulatory system (blood contained in vessels) to support the high metabolic rate and vigorous activity
Class Cephalopoda
136
Ammonites are shelled cephalopods. Nautiluses are the only living cephalopods with shell. (Shell is an ancestral structure that was lost in this lineage)
Class Cephalopoda
137
Annelids (segmented worms)
Phylum Annelida
138
Are coelomates. Their bodies are composed of a series of fused rings (segments).
Phylum Annelida
139
They have a complete gut (protostomes), closed circulatory system, and exhibit cephalization.
Phylum Annelida
140
Trochophore larval stage
Phylum Annelida
141
Class Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, Hirudinea
Phylum Annelida
142
Can be divided into two clades
Phylum Annelida
143
Clamworm and Christmas tree worm
Class Polychaeta
144
Earthworm
Class Oligochaeta
145
Leeches
Class Hirudinea
146
Members of this group are mobile, marine organisms
Clade Errantia
147
Many have a pair of paddle-like or a ridge of structures called parapodia (“beside feet”) on each body segment.
Clade Errantia
148
Parapodia function in gas exchange
Clade Errantia
149
Have well developed jaws and sensory organs (predatory)
Clade Errantia
150
Ex. Clamworms (Formerly class Polychaeta)
Clade Errantia
151
Members of this group tend to be less mobile
Clade Sedentaria
152
Some (Christmas tree worms-formerly class Polychaeta) live in protective tubes. They have colorful gills or tentacles and are filter feeders.
Clade Sedentaria
153
Others burrow into the substrate
Clade Sedentaria
154
Ex. Leeches (formerly Hirudinea)
Clade Sedentaria
155
5. Ex Earthworms (formerly class Oligochaeta)
Clade Sedentaria
156
Roudworms
Phylum Nematoda
157
Non segmented worms
Phylum Nematoda
158
Fluid filled pseudocoelom
Phylum Nematoda
159
Complete digestive tracts (alimentary canal)
Phylum Nematoda
160
Protostome development
Phylum Nematoda
161
No circulatory (depends on diffusion)
Phylum Nematoda
162
Free living or parasitic
Phylum Nematoda
163
Found in aquatic habitats, soil, parasitize plants and animals
Phylum Nematoda
164
Sexual reproduction
Phylum Nematoda
165
Make up 66% of all animals
Phylum Arthropoda
166
Found in nearly all habitats of the biosphere
Phylum Arthropoda
167
Have segmented body, hard exoskeleton, jointed appendages
Phylum Arthropoda
168
Are coelomates with a complete digestive tract
Phylum Arthropoda
169
Protostome development
Phylum Arthropoda
170
Exoskeleton (cuticle) constructed from protein and chitin
Phylum Arthropoda
171
Segmentation and appendages
Phylum Arthropoda
172
Open circulatory system (hemolymph)
Phylum Arthropoda
173
Various gas exchange mechanism evolved (gills, tracheal systems, etc.)
Phylum Arthropoda
174
Well developed sensory and nervous system
Phylum Arthropoda
175
Sea Spiders, Horshoe crabs, Scorpion, Ticks, Mites, Spiders
Subphylum Chelicerata
176
Names for claw like feeding appendages called chelicerae
Subphylum Chelicerata
177
Have anterior cephalothorax and a posterior abdomen
Subphylum Chelicerata
178
Lack antennae
Subphylum Chelicerata
179
Most have simple eyes
Subphylum Chelicerata
180
Modern chelicerates are arachnids
Subphylum Chelicerata: Class Arachnida
181
Includes spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites
Subphylum Chelicerata: Class Arachnida
182
Has 6 pairs of appendages: chelicerae (fangs or pincers)
pedipalps (feeding, sensing, reproduction, defense)
4 pairs of walking legs
Subphylum Chelicerata: Class Arachnida
183
Spiders have book lungs
Subphylum Chelicerata: Class Arachnida
184
All are terrestrial
Subphylum Myriapoda
185
Distinct head bears antennae and chewing mouthparts
Subphylum Myriapoda
186
Centipedes
Subphylum Myriapoda: Class Chilopoda
187
Predatory - poison claws on foremost trunk segment inject paralyzing venom
Subphylum Myriapoda: Class Chilopoda
188
One pair of legs per segment
Subphylum Myriapoda: Class Chilopoda
189
Flattened body
Subphylum Myriapoda: Class Chilopoda
190
Millipedes
Subphylum Myriapoda: Class Dilopoda
191
Detritivores- feed on decaying plant matter
Subphylum Myriapoda: Class Dilopoda
192
Two pairs of legs per segment
Subphylum Myriapoda: Class Dilopoda
193
Tpically have a rounded body
Subphylum Myriapoda: Class Dilopoda
