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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 26: Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 26: Urinary System Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

site of blood filtration and urine production

A

kidneys

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2
Q

_______ carries urine from kidneys to bladder

A

ureters

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3
Q

what organ stores urine and squeezes it out during micturition (urination)

A

bladder

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4
Q

urethra

A

transports urine during urination

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5
Q

what is urine

A

filtered blood

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6
Q

3 key functions of the urinary system

A

excretion of waste production (urea, creatine, uric acid)
elimination as urine
homeostatic regulation of blood

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7
Q

why don’t we “pee dust”?

A

obligatory water loss, why we still pee when dehydrated

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8
Q

other functions of urinary system?

A

maintains pH
BP regulation
RBC prod.
Vitamin D. prod.

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9
Q

nephron is…

A

the functional unit of the kidneys

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10
Q

glomerulus + glomerulus capsule makes…

A

renal corpuscle

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11
Q

glomerulus (renal corpuscle)

A

filters 50 gal of filtrate a day into the glomerulus capsule

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12
Q

nephron also…

A

reabsorbs good that was filtered out (only SMALL things)
secrets waste products

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13
Q

proximal convoluted tubules

A

part of nephron
reabsorb 70% of water from filtrate
reabsorbs almost 100% of glucose, vitamins, etc

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14
Q

nephron loop

A

further absorbs water
helps create concentrated urine (juxtamedullary nephron)

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15
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

part of nephron
secretes waste products

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16
Q

collecting duct

A

part of nephron
determines final concentration of urine (under control of ADH)

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17
Q

site of urine production

A

nephron

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18
Q

what are cortical nephrons?

A

most numerous (85%)
SHORT nephron loops
responsible for most reabsorption and secretion

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19
Q

what are juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

15%
more important
responsible for urine concentration

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20
Q

how much blood do kidneys receive a minute

A

1200 mL

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21
Q

how many gallons of filtrate do kidneys produce a day?

A

50 gal

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22
Q

flow of urine out of kidneys

A

renal papilla –> minor calyx –> major calyx –> renal pelvis –> ureter

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23
Q

urters

A

smooth muscle contractions carry urine to bladder

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24
Q

what has slit-like openings that function like valves>

A

urters

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25
3 layers of smooth muscle and rugae
bladder
26
trigone
funnel made by 2 ureteral openings and urethra
27
internal urethral sphincter
involuntary smooth muscle
28
external urethral sphincter
voluntary skeletal muscle
29
micturition
urination
30
when does the urge to urinate begin?
when bladder has 150 mL of urine
31
how does voluntarily holding in urine work?
internal sphincter pops open and the skeletal muscle of external sphincter is the ONLY thing keeping you from peeing
32
proximal urethra
lined with transitional epithelium (to stretch)
33
distal urethra
lined w/ nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium (for protection)
34
male urethra
1) prostatic urethra (passes thru prostate gland) 2) membrane urethra (passes thru urogenital diaphragm) 3)penile/spongy urethra (travels in corpus spongiosum of the penis)
35
how long is the male urethra
8 inches
36
female urethra short length and proximity to anus makes...
UTI's more common in women
37
afferent arterioles
feed 1.25 million nephrons per kidneys
38
where does fluid become filtrate?
in glomerulus where fluid is filtered into it's capsule where it becomes filtrate
39
what's an effective way to remove small waste products from our blood?
filtration
40
cons of filtration
can't remove large products removes small things that we need (glucose, amino acid, acids, vitamins)
41
what is the filtration membrane made of?
fenestrated membrane thick basement membrane special cells (podocytes) w/ feet (pericytes)
42
renal threshold
excess waste products lost in urine that couldn't be reabsorbed GLUCOSE in urine (180-200mg)
43
loop of henle
nephron loop
44
ascending nephron loop
reabsorbs sodium
45
descending nephron loop
permanent aquaporin channels reabsorption of water
46
urine travels from
1) nephron 2) collecting duct 3) renal papilla 4) minor calyx 5) major calyx 6) ureter 7) bladder 8) bladder 9) urethra 10) toilet
47
normal color of urine
pale yellow - deep amber
48
crystal clear urine
excessive water intake, diabetes
49
pink/red color in urine
blood
50
brown color in urine
liver problems
51
urine odor
should be odorless old urine smells
52
pH of urine
changes in urine protects you from deadly pH changes in blood
53
blood pH may go up when....
exercising
54
specific gravity of urine
should be higher than 1
55
WBC in urine
UTIs
56
protein in urine
high protein diet or intense exercise leads to protein in blood
57
ketones in urine
starvation keto diet uncontrolled diabetes
58
nitrides in urine
shouldn't be in urine if there, bacterial infection
59
glucose in urine
shouldn't be there if in urine --> blood glucose levels have reaches 180mg/dL or higher
60
glomerulur filtration rate (GFR)
110 mL/min leads to 50 gal of filtrate per day
61
net filtration pressure
remains positive in order for kidneys to produce filtrate
62
drop of _______ in renal BP (10 mmhg) will shut your kidneys off
20%
63
stages of kidney diseases based on GFR
stage 1: GFR 90+ stage 2: GFR 60-89 stage 3A: GFR 45-59 stage 3B: GFR 30-44 stage 4: GFR 15-29 stage 5: GFR under 15 --> kidney failure
64
what's the best way to estimate GFR?
blood creatinine levels
65
renin angiotensin aldosterone system
raises BP great target for BP lowering therapies
66
kidneys are ________ to drops in BP
sensitive
67
20% drop in renal BP =
GFR is o, kidneys are dead
68
renin leads to..
production of angiotensin 1
69
angiotensin 1 goes to _______ where its converted into ___________ by ACE
lungs, angiotensin 2
70
angiotensin 2
vasoconstriction stimulate kidneys to reabsorb H2O and sodium stimulates release of aldosterone increases ADH
71
end result of renin angiotensin aldosterone system
BP raised along with blood volume
72
BP lowering meds are
ACW inhibitors, diuretics, or both

Anatomy & Physiology (7 decks)

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