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chapter 27 Flashcards

1
Q

weathering

A

the process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on Earth’s surface

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2
Q

soil

A

a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life

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3
Q

erosion

A

the removal of surface material through the process of weathering

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4
Q

sediment transport

A

erosional agents like water, ice, wind, and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another

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5
Q

deposition

A

when the erosion agent slows down or melts it drops this sediment load

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6
Q

drainage basic

A

the land area that gathers water for a major river

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7
Q

longshore current

A

the movement of water parallel to the shoreline

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8
Q

Do rocks weather at the same time?

A

Rock formations weather at different rates. It depends on the rock type and landscape.

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9
Q

What are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?

A

Rock type and landscape

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10
Q

What are the two types of weathering?

A

The two types of weathering are mechanical and chemical weathering

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11
Q

What type of change happens with mechanical weathering?

A

Physical changes

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12
Q

What type of change happens with chemical weathering?

A

Chemical changes

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13
Q

What are the 3 specific types of mechanical weathering?

A

Frost wedging
biological activity
collisions

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14
Q

What causes frost wedging?

A

Water seeps in the cracks of rocks and freezes, making the rock crack open.

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15
Q

What is the cycle called during frost wedging?

A

Freeze-Thaw Cycles

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16
Q

What causes biological activity? (plant and animal activity)

A

a plant can root itself and then grow, animals dig holes and cause cracks within

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17
Q

What causes weathering during collisions?

A

rocks calling from a cliff or tumble through turbulent rivers

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18
Q

What are the two types of mechanical weathering?

A

Oxygen

water

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19
Q

Why does chemicals change due to oxygen

A

Oxidation

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20
Q

what are chemical changes due to water

A

hydrolysis

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21
Q

What is parent material?

A

the material from which soil forms

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22
Q

What are soil horizons?

A

the different layers of soil

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23
Q

How many soil horizons are there?

A

up to 6

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24
Q

True or false? All soils contain every soil horizon.

A

false

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25
What are the specific soil horizons?
O, A, E, B, C, R.
26
What does the first soil horizon contain?
organic material
27
What is the second horizon mostly made up of?
mostly minerals
28
Which layer does leaching occur?
horizon E
29
Which horizon collects materials from previous horizons?
horizon B
30
Which layer is partially weathered bedrock?
horizon C
31
Which layer is unweathered bedrock?
horizon R
32
Which soil horizons make up the topsoil?
O and A
33
Which soil horizons make up the subsoil?
E and B
34
Which soil horizons make up the true soil?
O, A, E, B
35
What is the difference between weathering and erosion?
Weathering is the breakdown of materials and erosion is the removal of surface materials
36
What happens to the speed of a river if the slope of the river decreases?
The speed of the river decreases.
37
What are small streams that flow into larger rivers?
Tributaries
38
What is the land area called that gathers water for a major river?
A drainage basin
39
What is the distinct boundary that separates a drainage basin?
Drainage divide
40
When water flows downhill under the influence of gravity and erodes earth's surface, what does it create?
Channels
41
Young rivers create what shape due to fast movement?
V-shaped
42
What type of rivers are wide with smooth and gentle slopes?
Mature rivers
43
When rivers flood and drop their sediment load, what is formed?
Flood plains
44
What are the fan shaped sediment deposits that form at the mouth of a river?
Distributaries
45
What forms when a river or stream enters into dry land?
Alluvial fans
46
What are the two types of glaciers?
Valley glaciers | continental glaciers
47
Where do valley glaciers form?
Form in high, mountainous regions
48
Where do continental glaciers form?
Large land areas in colder climates
49
Where are the two continental glaciers?
Greenland and Antarctica
50
What is a cirque
bowl shaped basins
51
What is an arete?
form where 2 adjacent valley glaciers meet and erode and long, sharp ridgeline
52
what is a horn
sharpened peaks
53
what shape of valleys do valley glaciers create?
U shaped valleys
54
What are tributary glaciers
Small glaciers that feed into the large glaciers
55
On which side of a dune does erosion occur?
The windward side
56
which side of the dune does deposition occur?
leeward side
57
What is deflation?
the removal of small particles by wind, leaving heavier particles behind
58
what is desert pavement?
When small particles are removed, it is the remaining surface
59
What does the shape and sizes of landforms due to wind depend on?
wind speed amount of time the wind blows sediment supply
60
what are some landforms created by wave erosion
coastal cliffs, sea arches, sea stacks
61
what are two examples of wave deposition?
sand bars | sand spits
62
what is a sand bar?
landforms that are parallel to the shoreline
63
what are sand spits?
sandbars that extend into the water from land and curve back toward land in a hook shape
64
what can cause mass wasting?
snow, heavy rains, earthquakes, human activity
65
infiltration
The process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface
66
water table
the upper boundary of the saturated zone
67
aquifer
a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space
68
porosity
the percentage of the material's total volume that is pore space
69
absolute dating
the process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism
70
relative dating
the process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time.
71
uniformitarianism
the laws of nature operate today as they have in the past.
72
principle of superposition
in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rocks will be at the top and the oldest rocks will be at the bottom.
73
unconformity
gaps in the rock record during which erosion occurred or deposition was absent
74
fossil
the remains or traces of organisms found in the geological rock record
75
What percentage of water on Earth is salt water?
97 percent is salt water, which is found in the oceans.
76
What percentage of water on Earth is freshwater?
3 percent
77
Where is the majority of freshwater found?
In glaciers
78
Where is the smaller percentage of freshwater found?
Lakes. rivers, and stored in groundwater
79
What is precipitation?
When water vapor in the air cools and condenses | snow, sleet, hail. and rain
80
What is runoff?
Water running off the land surface
81
What is infiltration?
The process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface
82
What is transpiration?
When plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves
83
What is evaporation?
when water enters the atmosphere as water vapor
84
What is condensation?
When water vapor collides with other water vapor molecules to form water droplets
85
What is the water cycle?
precipitation, runoff, infiltration, transpiration, evaporation, condensation
86
What is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage?
a porous area where water easily passes through
87
What is a saturated zone for groundwater storage?
beneath the unsaturated zone, where water completely fills the pore space
88
What is a water table
the upper boundary of the saturated zone
89
What does it mean if sediment is permeable?
the material is the easier water can infiltrate through the ground
90
What is an aquifer?
A rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space
91
What is the name of the Great Plains Aquifer
Ogallala Aquifer
92
How many states does the Great Plains Aquifer run through?
8
93
What are the names of the states that the Great Plains Aquifer runs through
South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas
94
What is an aquitard?
where water is confined
95
How are water springs formed?
Springs form when the water table naturally meets Earth's surface
96
What is an artesian well?
wells drilled into pressurized aquifers
97
What is a cone of depression?

physical science (8 decks)

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