chapter 27 Flashcards by Jose Rios

weathering

is the process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on Earth’s surface

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soil

is a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water,and air that is capable of supporting life

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erosion

is the removal of a surface material through the process of weathering

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sediment transport

As rocks weather, erosianal agents like water, ice wind, and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another

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depositon

when the erosional agent slows down or melts, it drops the sediment load in a process

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drainage basin

the land area that gathers water for a major river

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longshore current

the movement of water parallel to shoreline

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weathering definition

is the process of physical or chemical breakdown of materials at or near
Earth’s surface

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do rocks weather at the same rate

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what are two main factors that determine how fast a rock will

weather, climate, and time

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what are two types of weathering

mechanical and chemical

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what type of change happens with mechanical weathering

frost wedging and biological activity

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what change happens with mechanical weathering

breaks down rocks

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what are 3 specific types of mechanical weathering

frost wedging, biological activity, collisions

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what causes frost wedging

water collects in the cracks of a rock and then freezes

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what is the cycle called during frost wedging

plants and animals

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what causes biological activity

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what are two types of chemical weathering caused by

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what is the chemical process called that is caused by oxygen

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what is the chemical process called that is caused by water

hysdolisis

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soil definition

is a mixture weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting life

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what is parent material

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what are soil horizons

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how many soil horizons are there

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true or false all soils contain every soil horizon

false

what does first soil horizon contain

organic material

what does the second horizon mostly made up of

mostly materials

what is the difference between weathering and erosion

weathering breaks down materials and erosion is the removal of surface material

if the slope of a river decreases what will happen to the speed of the river

it will decrease

smalls streams flow into large rivers are called

tributes

land areas that gathers water for a major water is called

a drainage basin

a boundary that separates distinct drainage basins is called

drainage divides

as water flows downhill under the influence of gravity, water erodes earths surface creating

channels

young rivers are

V-shaped due to fast movement

what rivers are wide with smooth and gentle slopes

mature rivers

what type of landform is created when rivers flood and drop their sediment load

flood plains

what is a fan shaped deposit at the mouth river

deltas

what are distributaries

branching channels created by deltas

what is formed when the mouth of a river or stream enters a dry land

aluvial fans

what are two types of glaciers

valley and continental

where do valley glaciers form

high mountainous regions

where do continental glaciers forms

colder climates and occupy large land areas

where are two continental glaciers located

Greenland and Antarctica

what is a cirque

a bowl shaped basin

what is an arete

large sharp ridge line between valley glaciers

what is a horn in a mountains region

sharpened peaks

what shape of valley do valley glacier form what are tributary glaciers

u-shaped valleys

what type of valleys do tributary glaciers form

on which side of a dune does erosion occur

windward side

what side does deposition occur on

leeward side

what is deflation

deflation is the removal of small particles by wind

what is desert pavement

when small particles are removed

the shape and sizes of landforms depends on

wind speed sediment that blows

what are three landforms

coastal cliffs, see stacks, and sea arches

what are two examples of wave deposition

sand bars and sand spits

infiltration

is the process by which water enters earth and becomes groundwater below the surface

water table

the upper boundary of the saturated zone

aquifer

a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

porosity

of a material is the the percentage of the materials total volume that is pore space

absolute dating

is the process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism, an object or event

relative dating

is the process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time

uninforitarianism

states the laws of nature

principle of superposition

states that in an undisturbed sequence of of sedimentary rock layers

unconformities

are gaps in the rock record during which an erosion occurred or deposition was absent

fossils

the remains or traces of organisms found in the geological rock record

what percentage of water on earth is salt water

97 percent

what percentage of water on earth is freshwater

3 percent

where is the majority of freshwater found

glaciers

where is the smaller percentage of freshwater found

lakes, rivers, and stored as ground water

what is precipitation

when water vapor cools and condenses

what is runoff

water running of the land surface

what is infiltration

the process of when water enters earth and becomes groundwater

what is transpirtation

plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves

what is evaporation

when water enters the atmosphere as water vapor

what is condensation

when water vapor collides with water vapor molecules to form water droplets

what is the water cycle

water on the land that goes into the atmosphere and returns to the land

what is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage

a porous area where water easily passes through

what is a saturated zone for groundwater storage

beneath the unsaturated zone, where water completely fills the pore space

what is a water table

the upper boundary of the unsaturated zone

what does it mean if sediment is permeable

it is easier for water to infiltrate through the ground

what is an aquifer

a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

what is the name of the great plains aquifer

ogallala aquifer

how many states does the great the plains aquifer run through

8 states

what are the names of the states that the great plains aquifer runs through

SD, WY, NE, CO, KS, OK, NM, and TX

what is an aquitard

`keep water confined

how are water spring formed

is where the water table meets the earth surface

what is an artesian well

wells drilled into pressurized aquifers

what is a cone of depression

the direction that the water flows into the well