Chapter 27/28- Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
Purpose of the reproductive system
A
gamete production
2
Q
The organs of the reproductive system are the GONADS (produce GAMETES and secrete hormones = male the ________ produce ______ and the male hormones and in the female the ______ produce _______ and female hormones).
A
The organs of the reproductive system are the GONADS (produce GAMETES and secrete hormones = male the TESTES produce SPERM and the male hormones and in the female the OVARIES produce OOCYTES and female hormones).
3
Q
Meiosis:
A
- oocyte
- spermatozoa
4
Q
Chromosome # :
A
- diploid (46)
- haploid (23)
5
Q
The organs of the male reproductive system are:
All of these structures are found in the general area of the ______
A
The organs of the male reproductive system are: the testes(2 ), the system of ducts, the scrotum, the penis, the accessory sex glands. All of these structures are found in the general area of the PERINEUM.
6
Q
Area between the thighs, bound anteriorly by the pubic symphysis and posteriorly by the coccyx
A
Perineum
7
Q
SCROTUM: Cutaneous outpouching of the abdomen that supports the testes. The outer layer of the scotum includes skin a layer of fascia and a layer of smooth muscle called the ______ _____. Internally, there is a septum that divides the scrotum into 2 areas. The production and survival of _______ require a temperature that is ______ than core body temp. This temp. is regulated by the ________MUSCLE, a skeletal muscle, which elevates the testes, bringing them closer to the body when it is cold and causes the to move away from the body when warm.
A
SCROTUM: Cutaneous outpouching of the abdomen that supports the testes. The outer layer of the scotum includes skin a layer of fascia and a layer of smooth muscle called the DARTOS MUSCLE. Internally, there is a septum that divides the scrotum into 2 areas. The production and survival of SPERMATOZOA require a temperature that is lower than core body temp. This temp. is regulated by the CREMASTER MUSCLE, a skeletal muscle, which elevates the testes, bringing them closer to the body when it is cold and causes the to move away from the body when warm.
8
Q
3 components of the scrotum which regulate the temp:
A
- Tunica dartos
- Cremaster muscle
- Pampiniform plexus
9
Q
Tunica dartos
A
Smooth and involuntary
10
Q
Cremaster muscle
A
Skeletal and involuntary
11
Q
Pampiniform plexus
A
- Intertwining of gonadal arteries and veins
- Cools the blood that goes into the testes
12
Q
TESTES: Pair of oval shaped glands found in the scrotum. These are the male gonads. They develop high on the embryo’s posterior abdominal wall and descend into the scrotum through the _______ _____ during the 7th - 8th month of gestation.
A
TESTES: Pair of oval shaped glands found in the scrotum. These are the male gonads. They develop high on the embryo’s posterior abdominal wall and descend into the scrotum through the INGUINAL CANALS during the 7th - 8th month of gestation.
13
Q
When testes do not descend through the inguinal canal:
A
CRYPTORCHIDISM
14
Q
Concerns with Cryptorchidism:
A
- Temp. regulation
- Tumor development
15
Q
A shiny white membrane called the TUNICA ALBUGINEA covers the testes. It extends into the testicle and divides it internally into lobules. The SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES lie within these lobules and it is within these tubes that the sperm will develop and mature. Composed of 2 cell types:
1
2
A
- Spermatogonia
- Sustentocytes
16
Q
Sustentocytes have
A
46 chromosomes and do NOT become spermatozoa
17
Q
T/F Sustentocytes become spermatozoa
A
False
18
Q
This process by which seminiferous tubules of the testes produce haploid sperm is called ________ It takes about 64 days.
A
SPERMATOGENESIS.
19
Q
What results from spermatogenesis?
A
1 spermatogonium, 4 spermatozoa
20
Q
What secretes testosterone?
A
Interstitial endocrinocytes
21
Q
Acrosome
A
- Found in head of spermatozoa
- Has digestive enzymes
22
Q
Spermatozoa
A
- Develops from spermatogonia- takes 2 months
- Has 23 chromosomes
23
Q
SPERM: Sperm, the male gamete, will develop at about 300-400 million per day, and once ejaculated most will live in the female reproductive system for 48 hours. It has 3 regions:
the HEAD which contains the ______ ______ on the chromosomes as well as the ACROSOME that contains _____ _______, the MIDPIECE that contains many ________ (____ _____) and the FLAGELLUM,
or tail that is used to _____
A
SPERM: Sperm, the male gamete, will develop at about 300-400 million per day, and once ejaculated most will live in the female reproductive system for 48 hours. It has 3 regions:
the HEAD which contains the genetic material on the chromosomes as well as the ACROSOME that contains digestive enzymes, the MIDPIECE that contains many mitochondria (ATP source) and the FLAGELLUM, or tail that is used to move
24
Q
Movement of spermatozoa/ route of the sperm
A
seminiferous tubules -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> ejaculatory ducts -> prostatic urethra -> membranous urethra -> spongy urethra
25
After the release of the sperm into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule, the sperm
will be move( by pressure of fluid secreted by sustentacular cells) into the _______ , a tube structure outside of the testes in which _____ ______. It is here that the flagella begin to move.
After the release of the sperm into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule, the sperm
will be move( by pressure of fluid secreted by sustentacular cells) into the **epididymis** , a tube structure outside of the testes in which **sperm mature**. It is here that the flagella begin to move.
26
Epididymis functions
- Where sperm matures
- Helps store and propel sperm (flagella are functional)
27
Epididymis transit time
2-3 weeks
28
After the epididymis, the sperm will move into the ____ _______ for storage until ______. This structure will be found closely associated with nerves and blood vessels with a _________ ___. This spermatic cord passes through the inguinal canal, which is about 2 inches long. The vas deferens will then travel alone within the pelvic cavity.
After the epididymis, the sperm will move into the **vas deferens** for storage until **ejaculation**. This structure will be found closely associated with nerves and blood vessels with a **spermatic cord**. This spermatic cord passes through the inguinal canal, which is about 2 inches long. The vas deferens will then travel alone within the pelvic cavity.
29
The vas deferens is located both _____ and ______ and is also the location of ____
The vas deferens is located both **internally and externally** and is also the location of **sterilization**
30
The spermatic cord is located _____ the inguinal canal. What are the three structures that makeup the spermatic cord
The spermatic cord is located **outside** the inguinal canal.
- Vas deferens
- Gonadal artery/vein
- Cremaster
31
VASECTOMY: Method of sterilization for males in which a portion of each ____ ______ will be removed, disrupting the pathway of the sperm to the outside.
vas deferens
32
The inguinal region is a weaker area of the abdominal wall. An I.H. may result. This is when a rupture of the wall around the opening allows a portion of the **small intestine into the scrotum**. Surgery is required.
Inguinal Hernia
33
After leaving the vas deferens, the sperm travel into the ________ _____, which are formed by the union of the ducts from the seminal vesicles with the vas deferens. The sperm then travel into the 3 regions of the urethra; the _________, _________, and _______ urethra. The sperm will be ejaculated with fluids from the accessory sex glands from the urethral orifice.
After leaving the vas deferens, the sperm travel into the **ejaculatory ducts**, which are formed by the union of the ducts from the seminal vesicles with the vas deferens. The sperm then travel into the 3 regions of the urethra; the **prostatic, membranous and spongy urethra**. The sperm will be ejaculated with fluids from the accessory sex glands from the urethral orifice.
34
The seminal vesicles...
make up 60% of the semen volume, which is the majority
35
ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS: __________________
__________________________
These are the structures that secrete most of the liquid of the ______
ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS: **seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands**
These are the structures that secrete most of the liquid of the **semen**.
36
What is semen made up of?
Fluid of seminal vesicles, fluid of prostate gland, fluid of bulbourethral glands, and sperm
37
SEMINAL VESICLES: These paired glands lie posterior to the bladder. They secrete an ________, thick fluid that contains _______ and _________. This fluid helps to __________ the ________ _____ of the _____, which otherwise would kill the sperm.
The fructose is used by the sperm to produce ____, the energy molecule. Prostaglandins will increase sperm ______ as well as _____ _____within the female reproductive system.
SEMINAL VESICLES: These paired glands lie posterior to the bladder. They secrete an **ALKALINE**, thick fluid that contains **fructose and prostaglandins**. This fluid helps to **neutralize the acidic environment of the vagina**, which otherwise would kill the sperm.
The fructose is used by the sperm to produce **ATP**, the energy molecule. Prostaglandins will increase **sperm mobility** as well as **muscle contraction** within the female reproductive system.
38
3 regions of the urethra
prostatic, membranous, and spongey
39
PROSTATE GLAND: single, donut- shaped gland, normally the size of a chestnut that surrounds the ______ ______. The secretion from the prostate is milky white, slightly acidic that assists in coagulation of semen. Secretions from the prostate enter the prostatic urethra through many prostatic ducts.
The prostate gland will increase in size from middle age onwards, causing difficulties in urination as the male grows older.
PROSTATE GLAND: single, donut- shaped gland, normally the size of a chestnut that surrounds the **prostatic urethra**. The secretion from the prostate is milky white, slightly acidic that assists in coagulation of semen. Secretions from the prostate enter the prostatic urethra through many prostatic ducts.
The prostate gland will increase in size from middle age onwards, causing difficulties in urination as the male grows older.
40
The prostatic urethra makes up ___ of semen volume. It also has ________ which keeps the _____ ____, ultimately improving the success of _________
The prostatic urethra makes up **30%** of semen volume. It also has **agglutination** which keeps the **sperm together**, ultimately improving the success of **fertilization**
41
Prostate abnormality:
can be either enlarged or cancerous
42
BPH vs Neoplasia
BPH is enlargement of the prostates while Neoplasia is enlarged and cancerous
43
Cancerous prostate
Neoplasia
44
What can be used to see if the prostate is enlarged?
A digital rectal exam, which consits of a rectal palpation
45
PROSTATE CANCER: Leading cause of death from cancer in men in the U.S. With the enlargement of the prostate, the level of _____ (prostate specific ______) in the blood will ______ and MAY indicate prostatic cancer.
PROSTATE CANCER: Leading cause of death from cancer in men in the U.S. With the enlargement of the prostate, the level of **PSA** (prostate specific **antigen**) in the blood will **increase** and MAY indicate prostatic cancer.
46
Function of the bulbourethral glands/cowper's glands
lubrication
47
The bulbourethral glands are found inferior to the prostate on either side of the ______ ______
membranous urethra
48
Rank the bulbourethral glands, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland from greatest to smallest in terms of semen volume
1. Seminal vesicles (60%)
2. Prostate gland (30%)
3. Bulbourehtral gland (5%)
49
Where is the last 5% of semen volume from?
The spermatozoa
50
PENIS:
The penis is the organ that places the _____within the female reproductive tract. It is also responsible for urination. Internally, there are 3 columns of ______ ______. The 3 columns are the 2 corpora cavernosa and the 1 corpus spongiosum which also contains the spongy urethra.
PENIS:
The penis is the organ that places the **gametes** within the female reproductive tract. It is also responsible for urination. Internally, there are 3 columns of **ERECTILE TISSUE** (spongy network of connective tissue with large vascular spaces called sinusoids that can be filled with blood.). The 3 columns are the 2 corpora cavernosa and the 1 corpus spongiosum which also contains the spongy urethra.
51
The inability to achieve an erection is called: ______ ______. ______ is a pill that can be taken before sex that blocks the _____ conversion to ____, allowing accumulation of cGMP in the smooth muscles of the arteries and resulting in an erection.
erectile dysfunction
**VIAGRA** is a pill that can be taken before sex that blocks the **cGMP conversion to GMP**, allowing accumulation of cGMP in the smooth muscles of the arteries and resulting in an erection.
52
Circumcision is
surgical removal of the prepuce
53
HORMONAL REGULATION OF MALE REPRODUCTION ( brain-testicular axis)
1. At the beginning of puberty, the hypothalamus of the brain secretes ________ which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland.
2. The anterior pituitary gland of the brain then increases its secretion of _______ ______ and _____ _______ ______.
3. LH is carried by the blood to the interstitial endocrincytes, cells found in the testes, to secrete ________, the principal male sex hormone.
4. FSH is also carried by the blood to the testes and stimulates _________ of the spermatogonial cells.
HORMONAL REGULATION OF MALE REPRODUCTION ( brain-testicular axis)
1. At the beginning of puberty, the hypothalamus of the brain secretes **GnRH**, which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland.
2. The anterior pituitary gland of the brain then increases its secretion of **luteinizing hormone** (LH) and **follicle stimulating hormone** (FSH).
3. LH is carried by the blood to the interstitial endocrincytes, cells found in the testes, to secrete **TESTOSTERONE**, the principal male sex hormone.
4. FSH is also carried by the blood to the testes and stimulates **SPERMATOGENESIS** of the spermatogonial cells.
54
(male) GnRH --> FSH -->
GnRH --> FSH --> stimulates spermatogonia --> spermatozoa
55
(male) GnRH --> LH -->
GnRH --> LH --> interstitial endocrincytes -> makes testosterone
56
___________ is the major androgen of the male. Most will be formed by the ________ _______, with a small amount created by the adrenal cortex. Aside from its key function in spermatogenesis, testosterone is vital in the formation of _______ ___ ______ such as lower voice, increased hair growth on face, axillary and groin areas, rougher skin, increase in muscle mass and RBC count.
TESTOSTERONE is the major androgen of the male. Most will be formed by the INTERSTITIAL CELLS, with a small amount created by the adrenal cortex. Aside from its key function in spermatogenesis, testosterone is vital in the formation of **secondary sex characteristics** such as lower voice, increased hair growth on face, axillary and groin areas, rougher skin, increase in muscle mass and RBC count.
57
The female reproductive system includes the
ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the vagina
58
Ovaries are controlled by the hypothalamus (release GnRH) and the anterior pituitary gland
(release ____ and ___)
Ovaries are controlled by the hypothalamus (release GnRH) and the anterior pituitary gland
(release FSH and LH)
59
The ovaries are the site of ________, the formation of the female gametes, the ova.
The ovaries are also the site of the production of hormones, including _______ and __________
The ovaries are the site of **OOGENESIS**, the formation of the female gametes, the ova.
The ovaries are also the site of the production of hormones, including **estrogens and progesterone**.
60
Estrogen levels are not _____ like testosterone is. What is it that makes estrogen?
consistent; the follicle
61
Overview of ovarian function (1)
1. Females are born with ______ _______ (___ chromosomes) already within the ovaries. Thes primordial follicles that are found in each ovary will not develop any further until puberty, when there is a large increase in female hormones, specifically ____.
2. Each month, several primordial follicles will develop into ______FOLLICLES. Most of these primary follicles will eventually undergo ______ (degeneration). However, a few primary follicles become SECONDARY FOLLICLES. Usually ____ secondary follicle develops into a GRAAFIAN (Antral) FOLLICLE. This Graafian follicle will rupture, releasing the secondary oocyte which will do final maturation once fertilized into the Fallopian tube. This is termed ________
1. Females are born with **PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES** (**46** chromosomes) already within the ovaries. Thes primordial follicles that are found in each ovary will not develop any further until puberty, when there is a large increase in female hormones, specifically **FSH**.
2. Each month, several primordial follicles will develop into **PRIMARY FOLLICLES**. Most of these primary follicles will eventually undergo **ATRESIA** (degeneration). However, a few primary follicles become SECONDARY FOLLICLES. Usually **one** secondary follicle develops into a GRAAFIAN (Antral) FOLLICLE. This Graafian follicle will rupture, releasing the secondary oocyte which will do final maturation once fertilized into the Fallopian tube. This is termed **OVULATION**.
62
Overview of ovarian function (2):
This Graafian follicle will rupture, releasing the secondary oocyte which will do final maturation once fertilized into the Fallopian tube. This is termed OVULATION.
3. The ruptured follicle that remains within the ovary will collapse, secrete hormones (estrogens and progesterone) and will be called a _______ _____. The corpus luteum is functional due to the production of Progesterone.
4. Finally, at the end of the monthly cycle, the corpus luteum will become scar tissue called a _____ ______. The surface of the ovaries of older women will not be smooth, but scarred and pitted.
3. The ruptured follicle that remains within the ovary will collapse, secrete hormones (estrogens and progesterone) and will be called a **CORPUS LUTEUM**. The corpus luteum is functional due to the production of Progesterone.
4. Finally, at the end of the monthly cycle, the corpus luteum will become scar tissue called a **CORPUS ALBICANS**. The surface of the ovaries of older women will not be smooth, but scarred and pitted.
63
The corpus luteum makes _______, which is what _____ the ________
The corpus luteum makes **progesterone**, which is what **maintains the pregnancy**
64
The fallopian tubes are the
- site of fertilization
- site of sterilization
- location of ectopic (abnormal) pregnancy
65
FALLOPIAN TUBES: A tube that is located near the ovary that will, with the help of smooth muscle contractions and cilia movement, _______ the released ______ _____ towards the uterus. There are finger-like projections that are part of tubal wall, near ovary. These are called ____
FALLOPIAN TUBES: A tube that is located near the ovary that will, with the help of smooth muscle contractions and cilia movement, **transports** the released **secondary oocyte** towards the uterus. There are finger-like projections that are part of tubal wall, near ovary. These are called **FIMBRAE**.
66
Ectopic pregnancy is when
the baby grows in an abnormal area
67
Female sterilization in which a portion of the fallopian tubes are cut or clipped, preventing the oocyte from meeting the sperm.
Tubal ligation
68
Functions of uterus
transport of spermatozoa, menstruation, implantation of fertilized ovum, development of fetus during pregnancy.
69
There are 3 layers of tissue in the uterus:
1. perimetrium = outer layer
**2. myometrium = middle layer ( smooth muscle)**
**3. endometrium = inner layer**
70
_________ OF THE UTERUS: This is the innermost layer of the uterus and is composed of 2 layers (strata) of tissue:
Endometrium: Stratum functionalis and stratum basalis
71
Stratum functionalis: layer that is closest to the uterine lumen. It is..
shed during monthly menses and will be reestablished each month
72
Stratum basalis: _______layer of tissue under the stratum functionalis. It will produce the new s. functionalis each month.
permanent
73
Displacement of the endometrium is called
endometriosis
74
The distal portion of the uterus is the ______ (neck). The opening to the cervix is the _______ __. The third most common female cancer is cancer of the cervix. This can be detected through a yearly ___ ____
The distal portion of the uterus is the **CERVIX** (neck). The opening to the cervix is the **EXTERNAL OS**. The third most common female cancer is cancer of the cervix. This can be detected through a yearly **PAP smear**
75
The vagina is the
location of semen deposition
76
The vagina is often partially covered by a thin fold of vascularized mucous membrane called the ____.
Hymen
77
Homologous to the male scrotum
labia majora
78
Equivalent structures =
Homologous
79
Homologous to the bulbourethral gland
Vestibular gland
80
Homologous to the penis
Clitoris
81
GnRH in women --> FSH goes to -->______ which makes ______ (oocyte)
GnRH --> FSH --> goes to --> **follicle** --> makes **estrogen** (oocyte)
82
GnRH in women --> LH --> stimulates _____ -> which makes ______
GnRH in women --> LH --> stimulates **ovulation** which makes **progesterone**
83
Menarche
first episode of menstration
84
Menstruation
discharge of blood and elements of the uterine mucous membrane
85
Menstrual cycle
The changes that occur in the uterus that result in ovulation and menstruation.
For many women, the menstrual cycle occurs every 28 days. Day 1 is the first day of menstruation.
86
Menopause
cessation of the menstrual cycle
87
4 stages of the female reproductive cycle & how long each lasts:
Menstruation, days 1-5
Preovulatory phase, days 6-13
Ovulation, day 14
Post-Ovulatory Phase, day 15-28
88
Menstruation:
- Uterus
- Ovary
- Hormones
- Uterus: Stratum functionalis decreases in thickness
- Ovary: Primordial follicles become primary follicles
- Hormones: FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone are all at low levels
89
Preovulatory phase:
- Uterus
- Ovary
- Hormones
- Uterus: Stratum functionalis increases in thickness
- Ovary: Primary follicles become secondary follicles which become a graafian follicle
- Hormones: FSH and estrogen increase while LH and progesterone remain low
90
Ovulation:
- Uterus
- Ovary
- Hormones
- Uterus: Stratum functionalis continues to thicken
- Ovary: Graafian follicle becomes corpus luteum
- Hormones: FSH, LH, and estrogen are at their peak while progesterone remains low
91
Post-Ovulatory Phase:
- Uterus
- Ovary
- Hormones
- Uterus: Stratum functionalis continues to increase in thickness
- Ovary: Corpus luteum present
- Hormones: FSH, LH, and estrogen decrease while progesterone increases
92
If no pregnancy develops, the corpus luteum ________ and becomes a ______ ________, the _________ levels drop, and the next _________begins
If no pregnancy develops, the corpus luteum **degenerates** and becomes a **corpus albicans**, the **progesterone** levels drop, and the next **menstruation** begins
93
The combination of blood, dead cells, and mucus is
Menstruation
94
If pregnancy develops, the corpus luteum is ________ until the ________ develops and becomes functional in the uterus
If pregnancy develops, the corpus luteum is **maintained** until the **placenta** develops and becomes functional in the uterus
95
3 broad categories for birth control
1. Mechanical
2. Behavioral
3. Hormonal
96
Mechanical and Behavioral categories of BC prevent..
fertilization
97
Hormonal categories of BC prevent..
ovulation
98
Hormonal female birth control options
Pill
Injections
IUDs
Ring
Patch
99
Other female birth control methods that involve the correct timing of abstinence:
Rhythm method
Temp. method
Mucus method
Lactational method
100
Abstinence is considered
Behavioral
101
All hormonal female birth control options contain _______
progesterone
102
List the male methods of BC and the category
Condom- mechanical
Vasectomy- mechanical
Coitus Interruptus- behavioral
Abstinence- behavioral
103
Tubal ligation is
mechanical
104
What hormone is produced by the corpus luteum?
Progesterone
105
Fructose is found in the secretion of what gland?
Seminal vesicles
106
The testis descends through this opening on its way to the scrotum
The inguinal canal
107
Nitric oxide has what effect?
Activates guanylate cyclase
108
The membranous urethra is associated with what structure
The bulbourethral gland
109
