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Anatomy 2 > Chapter 17- Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 17- Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Humoral Stimulus

A

hormone release caused by altered levels of certain critical ions or nutrients

ex) Calcitonin

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2
Q

Neural Stimulus

A

hormone release caused by neural input

ex) Epinephrine

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3
Q

Hormonal Stimulus

A

hormone release caused by another hormone

ex) Thyroid

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4
Q

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

A

Juvenile onset (usually kids)
Insulin-dependent (requires insulin, they completely lack it)

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5
Q

Pineal Gland
-effect
-what it secretes
-stimulus type

A

Effects: sleep wake cycle
Hormone: melatonin

Neural Stimulus

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6
Q

The _____ of a specific hormone goes to a specific _____ on the surface of the organ

A

target organ(s)
receptors

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7
Q

What’s necessary to produce T3 and T4?

A

Iodine (from the diet)

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8
Q

The hypothalamus makes two posterior pituitary glands: ______ and _______

How do they travel to the P.P?

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

hypothalamohypophysial tract (HHT)

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9
Q

T3 and T4 are low

A

TSH and TRH increase

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10
Q

The endocrine system works with the ____ ______ to maintain homeostasis. The endocrine system ______ into the _______

A

nervous system

secretes hormones into the blood

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11
Q

What allows secretions to go directly into extracellular space and then into the blood?

A

Ductless glands

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12
Q

T3 and T4 are high

A

TSH and TRH decrease

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13
Q

Ovaries and testes are a _______ stimulus

A

Hormonal

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14
Q

PTH ______ calcium levels by stimulating ________

A

increases

osetoclasts

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15
Q

Glucagon =
Insulin =

A

Glucagon = glycogenolysis
Insulin = glycogenesis

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16
Q

Gestational Diabetes

A

Temporary, during pregnancy
May become type 2 diabetic after pregnancy
Baby may come out to be 12+ lbs

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17
Q

Diabetes Mellitus leads to fasting ______

A

hyperglycemia

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18
Q

TRH- from______
TSH- from ______
T3, T4 from ______

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland

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19
Q

What test identifies Diabetes Insipidus?

A

Water deprivation test

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20
Q

Ovaries and testes are gonads, producing _____ and _____. Testes produce _____ in males and ovaries produce ____ and _____ in females

A

Ovaries and testes are gonads, producing GAMETES and SEX HORMONES Testes produce TESTOSTERONE in males and ovaries produce ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE in females

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21
Q

The thyroid gland is a _____ stimulus and releases _______

A

Humoral stimulus
Calcitonin

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22
Q

What connects the anterior pituitary to the hypothalamus?

A

The hypothalamohypophysial portal vein (HHPV)

23
Q

Hyperthyroidism =
Hypothyroidism =

What can these cause?

A

Hyperthyroidism = grave disease
Hypothyroidism = cretinism (as a child)

A goiter

24
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

Low/absent secretion of ADH
Inability to concentrate urine and conserve water
Potentially causes dehydration

25
Hormones of the anterior pituitary
Growth hormone Prolactin Thyroid stimulating hormone
26
3 possible stimuli that will cause an endocrine gland to release its hormone
Neural Hormonal Humoral
27
Does the posterior pituitary gland make hormones?
No, it just stores it. The hypothalamus makes them
28
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Adults Resistance to insulin Non-insulin dependent Linked to obesity
29
Hyposecretion of GH as a child = Hypersecretion of GH as a child = Hypersecretion as an adult =
Dwarfism Giantism Acromeagly
30
______ and ______ are anti-ADH
Alcohol and caffeine
31
Pancreas > _____ function > _______ of _____ > _____ and ______
Pancreas > Endocrine function > Islets of Langerhans > alpha and beta cells
32
_____ is one of the rare examples of _________ in the body
Oxytocin Positive feedback
33
Alpha cells secrete ____, a hormone that ____ the glucose level in the blood
glucagon raises
34
Positive feedback
A stimulus initiates actions that will prolong the stimulus
35
Calcitonin _____ calcium levels by stimulating _______
lowers osteoblasts
36
Beta cells secrete _____, a hormone that _____ the glucose levels in the blood
insulin decreases
37
Melatonin is linked to _____, a type of _____ that arises during ______. This is caused by
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) depression winter the shortened amount of daylight causes an increased production of melatonin
38
Negative feedback
A stimulus initiates actions that will stop the stimulus
39
______ of ADH causes ______
hyposecretion diabetes
40
Parathyroid glands are a _____ stimulus and releases
humoral PTH
41
1. Corticotropin RH (CRH) = 2. ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) =
1. hypothalamus 2. anterior pituitary
42
Diabetes Mellitus, PU/PD
Results from hyposecretion of insulin, causing blood glucose levels to remain high PU/PD = pee and drink alot
43
The adrenal medulla secretes ______ and _______ which is a _______ stimulus
epinephrine and norepinephrine neural
44
Pancreas: has both exocrine (_____) and endocrine (______) functions
exocrine (digestion) endocrine (glucose)
45
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone - target organ and effect
Target organ: Thyroid Gland Effect (T3 and T4): regulates cellular metabolism
46
Growth Hormone
Stimulates growth/production of body cells Target Organs: bone and muscle Effect: growth Controlled by GhRh of the hypothalamus
47
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Hyposecretion?
Target Organ: kidneys Effect: increases water retention and decreases urine output Hyposecretion = diabetes
48
Adrenal Glands and exs.
Secretes both male and female sex hormones Ex: gonadocorticoids (sex hormones) glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids
49
Oxytocin
Target Organs: mammary glands and uterus Effect: stimulates uterine contractions and milk letdown Synergism (with estrogen and progesterone) Positive feedback
50
Prolactin
Target Organ: mammary gland Effect: stimulates lactation Synergism (with estrogen and progesterone)
51
What connects the posterior pituitary to the hypothalamus?
HHT
52
Anything with Rh in it, like GhRh, goes to the ______ _____(instead of the target organ assigned to it)
anterior pituitary
53
Insulin/glucagon are a ______ stimulus
Humoral
54
What connects the anterior pituitary to the hypothalamus?
HHPV

Anatomy 2 (14 decks)

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