Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Compounding Pharm 114 > Chapter 27 Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

The musculoskeletal system provides….

A

Frame work of human body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

All body movement is coordinated between …..

A

The nervous system, bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, cartilage and tendons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Muscles are

A

Attached to bones and enable body movement (kinetics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Skeletal muscles are voluntary where are the myocardium

A

Contracts rhythmically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Smooth muscles / visceral muscles are attached to or line

A

The organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Muscle is

A

Specialized tissue that contracts when stimulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Saromere is

A

One of the segments into which a fibril of striated muscle is divided

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Myocyte are

A

The muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bones are

A

Specialized form of dense connective tissue consisting of calcified intercellular substance that provides shape and support to the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cartilage is

A

Soft tissue lining joints; gives shape to ears and nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Thick filaments

A

Made of protein called myosin, cylinder shaped and about 300 molecules of myosin per thick filament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Thin filaments are

A

Composed of 3 different proteins - actin, tropomyosin, troponin - look like strands of pearls twisted around each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The 3 kinds of protein in thin filaments

A

Actin, tropomyosin, troponin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Muscular chemical switches that control interaction of actin and myosin during contraction of muscles are

A

Tropomyosin - long red like protein

Troponin - bead like protein complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Chemical and physical interactions between actin and myosin cause

A

Sacromere length to shorten causing myocyte to concentrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Main functions of muscles

A

Provide large and small movement, stabilize joints, maintain body posture, produce heat in body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Muscles produce ____% of the body’s heat by muscle contractions

A

85

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Newborns have about _______ soft bones, eventually fusing together to form ______ adult bones.

A

300, 206

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Some baby bones are made up of cartilage that slowly harden, by age

A

35 cartilage will have finished hardening into bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

5 bone categories

A

Flat, irregular, sesamid, short, long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Flat bones are

A

Generally more flat than round, ie rib bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Irregular bones

A

Have no defined shape, ie vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Seasamoid bones

A

Cartilage and fibrous tissue mixed, these bones are found in joints and help lower friction and enhance joint movement, ie petella (knee cap)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Short bones

A

More cube shaped, ie carpals of the hand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Long bones

A

Most common bone, inside is divided into 2 areas the epiphysis (round end) and the diaphysis (main shaft)

26
Q

An epiphysis is covered with

A

Smooth, slippery articulate cartilage, helping bone move easier against each other in joints. Inside is made of spongy or cancellous bone (criss cross strands of bone filled with bone marrow)

27
Q

Bone marrow is

A

A spongy tissue inside of most bones, responsible for manufacture of red blood cells, some white, and platelets, also acts as a storage area for fat.

28
Q

Diaphysis of a bone is the

A

Hollow core (medullary cavity) filled with red marrow as a child then yellow as an adult. Walls are made of a second type of bone called compact bone (harder / ore solid than spongy bone)

29
Q

Osteoblasts are cells in the

A

Periosteum that make new bone to replace old bone cells (osteoclasts) and provide nourishment for bone

30
Q

Red marrow is

A

Red, jelly like substance that contains blood cells and usually only found in the sternum, vertebrae, ribs, hips, clavicles, cranial bone.

31
Q

Yellow marrow is a

A

Fatty yellow substance replaces red marrow in long bones of adults, does not produce blood cells, and has fewer pluriprotenial hematopoietics (stem cells) and those it doe have are inactive. Also contains more fat and less erythrocytes.

32
Q

Functions of the bones:

A

Frame work / foundation of the body
Supports against gravity
Protects organs
Mechanical lever system for muscular system to allow movement
Stores calcium and phosphorus in the bone marrow, when calcium levels in blood are low bones release calcium to an adequate supply fo metabolic needs.

33
Q

Osteomyelitis is

A

Bacterial infection inside bone that destroys bone tissue. Infection spread to bone from the blood.

34
Q

Osteoporosis is

A

Bone brittleness due to lack of calcium. Estrogen helps keep calcium in the bone and blood, vitamin D is required for absorption of calcium.

35
Q

Paget’s disease is

A

When bone breaks down more quickly then it grows, also grows back softer. Most common in skull, vertebra, hip, pelvis, leg bones.

36
Q

Treatment for weak, fragile, or soft bones:

A

Estrogen is used for osteoporosis, bisphorsphonites and calcitron are used for Paget’s disease and osteoporosis.

37
Q

How does the body get vitamin D from the sun?

A

Cholesterol in the skin and sunlight generate inactive form of vitamin D that becomes cholecalciferol. When released into the blood steam it becomes calcifediol where it is sent to kidney’s where it becomes an active form of vitamin D called calcitriol

38
Q

Parathyroid and thyroid work together to ensure

A

Bone building and demineralization maintain homeostasis

39
Q

Ligaments are

A

Strong fibrous bands of connective tissue that holds bones together.

40
Q

Tendons are

A

Cord of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

41
Q

Joints are

A

The location where bones are connected to each other. Joints contain synovial fluid and cartilage

42
Q

Synovial fluid is

A

A fluid that provides smooth movement by lubricating the cartilage

43
Q

Bisphosphonates

A

Mini natural organic bisphosphonate salts fond in the body. Inhibiting bone resorption and osteoclasts activity and restoring bone mass and density

44
Q

Two types of bisphosphonaes

A

Non-nitrogen side chain

Nitrogen side chain - more potent

45
Q

Biophosphonates irreversibly bind and inactivate _________ and induce a ________ of the osteoclasts.

A

Osteoclasts, poptosis

46
Q

Calcitronin is

A

Inbibitbon resorption, decrease the number of bone fractures from low bone enmity by increasing bone growth and the number and action of osteoblasts. Blocks bone mineral absorbing of osteoclasts ( bone cells), increasing calcium excretion by the kidneys, slows bone resorption. Effects are temporary.

47
Q

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)

A

Have a protective effect on the heart and bones but do not control hot flashes associated with menopause.

48
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of bursae, small fluid filled pouches between bones and ligaments.

49
Q

Tendinitis

A

Inflammation of tendons

50
Q

Myalgra

A

Muscle pain

51
Q

Anemia

A

Failure of bone marrow to produce components of red blood cells

52
Q

Leukemia

A

One of more white blood cells experience deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) loss or damage. Damage is then copied and passed on to subsequent generations of cells. These cells do not die off like normal, instead multiply and accumulate in the body.

53
Q

Arthritis

A

Inflammation of joints

54
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Progressive form of arthritis that has devastating effects on the joints, organs and because it causes by the immune system attacking the body itself. Characterized by inflammation of the cartilage around the joints that lead to a thickening and hardening of the synovial fluid. Eventually attacking organs.

55
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Progressive disease characterized by the break down of joint cartilage

56
Q

Gout

A

Caused by the deposit of uric acid in the joints synovial fluid. A systemic disease caused by an excess or overproduction of uric acid from the body. A by product of nucleic acid, the body cannot use uric acid and is usually excreted though urine. Condition of having to much uric acid is called hyperuricemia.

57
Q

Gout looks like

A

Needles, it is needle like uric acid crystals forming in the joints which irritate and cause arthritis like pain and inflammation that imitates osteoarthritis.

58
Q

With gout, when leukocytes enter the area and attack the uric acid what happens?

A

Leukocytes lead to a lower pH in joint fluid, causing more uric acid to accumulate. High levels of uric acid occur when it is not filtered by the kidneys.

59
Q

Acute gout is

A

The vicious cycle of inflammation that produces edema, redness, swelling and severe pain.

60
Q

Chronic gout

A

Is characterized by uric acid slowly depositing in in soft tissue causing topi (the bulging, deformed joints of gout).

61
Q

Uric acid may also collect in the

A

Urinary tract as kidney stones. Calcium pyrophosphate deposits rather than uric acid crystals.

Compounding Pharm 114 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions