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Compounding Pharm 114 > The Renal System Chap 31 > Flashcards

The Renal System Chap 31 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the renal system do

A

Filters waste, maintains fluids, maintains acid balance

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2
Q

What does the renal system consist of

A

2 kidneys, bladder, urethra, 2 ureters

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3
Q

How do the kidneys filter waste?

A

Waste exits kidneys as urine though the bladder, uterus, urethra

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4
Q

How much can the average adult bladder hold?

A

350ml to 500ml, with 250ml being the point where you feel the need to void

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5
Q

What is renal failure?

A

Kidney failure - STAT treatment

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6
Q

What is urinary incontinence?

A

Can’t control bladder, does not hold urine

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7
Q

Causes of urinary in continence

A

Chronic UTI, obesity, kidney infection, hysterectomy, child birth

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8
Q

What are UTI’s

A

Bacterial infection

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9
Q

Treatment for UTI

A

Antibiotic, cranberry juice, OTC AZO

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10
Q

What does AZO do to the urine and what dose is it given in

A

AZO make urine red like there is blood in it, dose would be 200mg TID

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11
Q

What drug are most commonly used to treat diseases of the renal system?

A

Diuretics - help flush system

Anti infective

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12
Q

Anuria

A

Less then 100ml of urine per day

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13
Q

Dysuria

A

Painful urination

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14
Q

Hematuria

A

Blood in urine

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15
Q

Nephritis

A

Inflammation of nephrons

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16
Q

Oliguria

A

Decreased urine production, between 100-400ml / day

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17
Q

Pyruia

A

Pus in urine

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18
Q

Uremia

A

Urine in blood

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19
Q

Kidney stone

A

Calcium build up

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20
Q

_____ can b used to manage UTI symptoms of burning and itching urethras

A

Phenazopyridine

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21
Q

The average dose for phenazopyradine is 200mg ____ pc.

A

TID

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22
Q

___________ is decreased urine production (100 - 400 ml/day)

A

Oliguria

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23
Q

_________ is pus or bacteria in the urine

A

Pyuria

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24
Q

_________ is urine in the blood

A

Uremia

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25
Q

Kidney stones are also called?

A

Urolithiais

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26
Q

The stone or deposit build up in kidney stones is called

A

Calculus

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27
Q

All substances that help break down and dissolve waste in the urine

A

Citrate, magnesium, pyrophosphate, uric acid

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28
Q

Which population is most prone to kidney stones

A

Caucasian males between 30- 60 years of age

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29
Q

Conditions that contribute to kidney stones

A

Hypercalcemia, hypernatremia, hypocitraturia

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30
Q

Long term complications for diabetics that can lead to renal failure are

A

Kidney damage, bladder problems, UTI

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31
Q

Populations most prone to end stage renal disease

A

Native Americans and African Americans

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32
Q

Diabetics have a blood sugar goal of less than ______mg/dl

A

126

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33
Q

Generic name for Floxin

A

Ofloxacin

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34
Q

Generic nam for macrodantin

A

Nitrofurntoin

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35
Q

Generic name for sumycin

A

Tetracycline

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36
Q

Brand name for cofaclor

A

Ceclor

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37
Q

Trade name for cefpodoxime

A

Vantin & banan

38
Q

Brand name for cephalexin

A

Keflex

39
Q

Brand name for cefadroxil

A

Duricef

40
Q

Renal system includes 2

A

Ureters

41
Q

Each kidney is about the size of a

A

Fist

42
Q

Right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney because of the location of the

A

Liver

43
Q

Specific gravity of urine ranges between

A

1.006 - 1.03

44
Q

Average pH of urine

A
  1. With a range between 4.6 and 8
45
Q

Substance produced by breakdown of hemoglobin and not normally found in urine

A

Bilirubin

46
Q

Type of exercise can be beneficial for someone with urinary incontinence

A

Kegel exercises

47
Q

Average dose for vesicare is

A

5-10 mg once daily

48
Q

Red urine based on ingested items

A

Produced by beets, black berries, rifampin, some anticoagulants

49
Q

Orange urine based on ingested items

A

Phenazopyridine

50
Q

Green or blue/green urine based on ingested items

A

Amitriptyline, vit B complex

51
Q

Brown/black urine based on ingested items

A

Levodopa, iron products

52
Q

Filter system of kidneys are

A

Nephrons

53
Q

Ureters are

A

Tubes connected to kidneys that allow urine to flow into bladder.

54
Q

Urine is

A

Waste & by product filtered by kidney

55
Q

Renal system offers life sustaining processes by

A
  • filtration of waste from body
  • removal of urine
  • maintenance of water balance
  • maintenance of electrolyte balance
  • maintenance of pH or acid - base balance
56
Q

Nephron

A

Smallest most basic part of kidney, the filter, there are about 1 million in each kidney

57
Q

Nephrons enable blood to reabsorb

A

Water, electrolytes and nutrition

58
Q

About _____% of blood is being filtered at any given moment, filtering about _____qts and producing about _____ qts of waste per day

A

25%
200qt
2qt

59
Q

Waste is made up of

A

Excess fluid, minerals, toxic substances such as urea, and substances the body can not utilize

60
Q

When nephrons fail to filter correctly what happens

A

Harmful toxic waste builds up in the kidney, which may then flow back into the blood stream causing a blood infection. Also causes retention of excess fluid, increasing blood pressure and reduction of red blood cells being produced

61
Q

Filtration of kidney is called

A

Glomerulus

62
Q

Glomerulus capsule

A

Houses and protects nephrons

63
Q

Tubulars that the filtrate flow into from the glomerulus are divided into 3 sections

A
  1. Proximal convoluted tube (PCT)
  2. The loop of henle (LOH) also known as the loop of nephron
  3. Distal convoluted tube (DCT)
64
Q

Mineralcorticoids aldosterone (produced by adrenal cortex) does what

A

Facilitates and regulates secretion of K† cations in exchange for NaT cartons in the DCT

65
Q

When aldosterone gets into receptors of distal tube K† ions are flushed out of the tubule along with

A

Urine into collecting duct and Na† ions are reabsorbed resulting in osmotic gradient

66
Q

Osmotic gradient is

A

When there are not Na† ions in blood than in the urine or tubule (principle of where ever Na† goes, water follows) water will follow Na† in the blood creating higher blood volume

67
Q

Tubular secretion serves to eliminate

A

K†, H†, weak acids, weak bases

68
Q

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) system

A

Helps keep blood at proper pH, and is an enzyme needed to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into carbonic acid (H2CO3) which rapidly breaks down into H† and bicarbonic (HCO3)

69
Q

Liberated H† acidity’s urine allowing free

A

HCO3 to absorb back into blood, reducing acidity by neutralizing metabolic and toxic waste

70
Q

Metabolic acidosis occurs when

A

CA (carbonic anhydrase) is blocked

71
Q

Acidosis

A

Excessive acid in body fluids

72
Q

Keytone

A

Byproduct of fat metabolism

73
Q

Urobilinogen

A

Substance produced by breakdown of bilinogen

74
Q

Bilirubin

A

Substance produced by breakdown of hemoglobin

75
Q

Normal to have about _____ml left in bladder after void

A

50ml

76
Q

Micturiton reflex is the

A

Relaxation of urethral sphincter in response to increased bladder pressure

77
Q

Higher specific gravity means

A

Higher concentration

78
Q

Urine glucose, ketones, or protein are usually only present in urine with

A

Diabetes

79
Q

Renal failure

A

Complete kidney failure

80
Q

Prostatitis

A

Common in males

81
Q

Incontinance - common in women - can also be caused by

A

Stress incon. - leakage during coughing, laughing
Urge incon. - overactive bladder, has little control
Over flow incon. - can not completely empty bladder and has constant leakage
Functional incon. - unable to make it due to mobility issues. Most common in elders
Mixed incon. - more than one form
An atomic incon. - physical abnormality
Temporary incon. - may be due to UTI, severe constipation, medication side effect

82
Q

Treatment of incontinance could be

A

Kegel exercises, surgery, medication

83
Q

Urinary retention

A

Inability to urinate - bladder is not able to release urine

84
Q

Common causes of urinary retention

A

Blockage/obstruction
Disruption or damage to nerves that connect brain to urinary tract
Infection of pelvic area
Anesthetic effects during or after surgery
Drugs that act to tighten ureters and restrict urine flow.

85
Q

Most common UTI’s

A

Cystitis / pyelonephritis

86
Q

Cystitis

A

Inflammation of bladder, usually caused by E.coli a staphylococcus bacteria

87
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of kidney and upper urinary tract, usually caused by bacterial infection of bladder

88
Q

Palliative treatment

A

Symptom reduction

89
Q

Dialysis

A

Removes wast from blood of patient with renal failure

90
Q

Kidney damage can lead to

A

HTN which then can lead to kidney failure, elevated BP can also lead to kidney damage

91
Q

Diabetic health goals

A

Blood sugar less than 126 mg/dL
Hemoglobin A1C less than 7%
BP less than 130 / 80

92
Q

Dehydration at

A

2% body weight loss reduces performance significantly
5% body weight loss causes heat exhaustion
7 - 10% body weight loss results in heat stroke or death

Compounding Pharm 114 (17 decks)

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