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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Chapter 28 > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Flashcards

1
Q

Acrosomal Reaction

A

Release of digestive enzymes by sperm that enables them to burrow through the corona radiata and penetrate the zona pellucida of an oocyte prior to fertilization

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2
Q

Acrosome

A

Cap-like vesicle located at the anterior-most region of a sperm that is rich with lysosomal enzymes capable of digesting the protective layers surrounding the oocyte

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3
Q

Afterbirth

A

Third stage of childbirth in which the placenta and associated fetal membranes are expelled

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4
Q

Allantois

A

Finger-like outpocketing of yolk sac forms the primitive excretory duct of the embryo; precursor to the urinary bladder

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5
Q

Allele

A

Alternative forms of a gene that occupy a specific locus on a specific gene

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6
Q

Amnion

A

Transparent membranous sac that encloses the developing fetus and fills with amniotic fluid

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7
Q

Amniotic Cavity

A

Cavity that opens up between the inner cell mass and the trophoblast; develops into amnion

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8
Q

Autosomal Chromosome

A

In humans, the 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not the sex chromosomes (XX or XY)

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9
Q

Autosomal Dominant

A

Pattern of dominant inheritance that corresponds to a gene on one of the 22 autosomal chromosomes

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10
Q

Autosomal Recessive

A

Pattern of recessive inheritance that corresponds to a gene on one of the 22 autosomal chromosomes

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11
Q

Blastocoel

A

Fluid-filled cavity of the blastocyst

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12
Q

Blastocyst

A

Term for the conceptus at the developmental stage that consists of about 100 cells shaped into an inner cell mass that is fated to become the embryo and an outer trophoblast that is fated to become the associated fetal membranes and placenta

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13
Q

Blastomere

A

Daughter cell of a cleavage

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14
Q

Brazton Hicks Contractions

A

Weak and irregular peristaltic contractions that can occur in the second and third trimesters; they do not indicate that childbirth is imminent

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15
Q

Brown Adipose Tissue

A

Highly vascularized fat tissue that is packed with mitochondria; these properties confer the ability to oxidize fatty acids to generate heat

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16
Q

Capacitation

A

Process that occurs in the female reproductive tract in which sperm are prepared for fertilization; leads to increased motility and changed in their outer membrane that improve their ability to release enzymes capable of digesting an oocyte’s outer layers

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17
Q

Carrier

A

Heterozygous individual who does not display symptoms of a recessive genetic disorder but can transmit the disorder to his or her offspring

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18
Q

Chorion

A

Membrane that develops from the syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, and mesoderm; surrounds the embryo and forms the fetal portion of the placenta through the chorionic villi

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19
Q

Chorionic Membrane

A

Precursor to the chorion; forms from extra-embryonic mesoderm cells

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20
Q

Chorionic Villi

A

Projections of the chorionic membrane that burrow into the endometrium and develop into the placenta

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21
Q

Cleavage

A

Form of mitotic cell division in which the cell divides but the total volume remains unchanged; this process serves to produce smaller and smaller cells

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22
Q

Codominance

A

Pattern of inheritance that corresponds to the equal, distinct, and simultaneous expression of two different alleles

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23
Q

Colostrum

A

Thick, yellowish substance secreted from a mother’s breasts in the first postpartum days; rich in immunoglobulins

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24
Q

Conceptus

A

Pre-implantation stage of a fertilized egg and its associated membranes

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25
Corona Radiata
In an oocyte, a layer of granulosa cells that surrounds the oocyte and that must be penetrated by sperm before fertilization can occur
26
Cortical Reaction
Following fertilization, the release of the cortical granules from the oocyte's plasma membrane into the zona pellucida creating a fertilization membrane that presents any further attachment or penetration of sperm; part of the slow block to polyspermy
27
Dilation
First stage of childbirth, involving an increase in cervical diameter
28
Dominant
Describes a trait that is expressed both in homozygous and heterozygous form
29
Dominant Lethal
Inheritance pattern in which individuals with one or two copies of a lethal allele do not survive in utero or have a shortened life span
30
Ductus Arteriosus
Shunt in the pulmonary trunk that diverts oxygenated blood back to the aorta
31
Ductus Venosus
Shunt that causes oxygenated blood to bypass the fetal liver on its way to the inferior vena cava
32
Ectoderm
Primary germ layer that develops into the central and peripheral nervous systems, sensory organs, epidermis, hair, and nails
33
Ectopic Pregnancy
Implantation of an embryo outside of the uterus
34
Embryo
Developing human during weeks 3-8
35
Embryonic Folding
Process by which an embryo develops from a flat disc of cells to a 3D shape resembling a cylinder
36
Endoderm
Primary germ layer that goes on to form the gastointerstinal tract, liver, pancreas, and lungs
37
Epiblast
Upper layer of cells of the embryonic disc that forms from the inner cell mass; gives rise to all three germ layers
38
Episiotomy
Incision made in the posterior vaginal wall and perineum that facilitates vaginal birth
39
Expulsion
Second stage of childbirth, during which the mother bears down with contractions; this stage ends in birth
40
Fertilization
Unification of genetic material from male and female haploid gametes
41
Fertilization Membrane
Impenetrable barrier that coats a nascent zygote; part of the slow black to polyspermy
42
Fetus
Developing human during the time from the end of the embryonic period (week 9) to birth
43
Foramen Ovale
Shunt that directly connects the right and left atria and helps divert oxygenated blood from the fetal pulmonary circuit
44
Foremilk
Watery, translucent breast milk that is secreted first during a feeding and is right in lactose and protein; quenches the infant's thirst
45
Gastrulation
Process of cell migration and differentiation into three primary germ layers following cleavage and implantation
46
Genotype
Complete genetic makeup of an individual
47
Gestation
In human development, the period required for embryonic and fetal development in utero; pregnancy
48
Heterozygous
Having two different alleles for a given gene
49
Hindmilk
Opaque, creamy breast milk delivered toward the end of a feeding; rich in fact; satisfies the infant's appetite
50
Homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a given gene
51
Human Chorionic Gonadrotropin (hCG)
Hormone that directs the corpus lutetium to survive, enlarge, and continue producing progesterone and estrogen to suppress menses and secure an environment suitable for the developing embryo
52
Hypoblast
Lower layer of cells of the embryonic disc that extend into the blastocoel to form the yolk sac
53
Implantation
Process by which a blastocyst embeds itself in the uterine endometrium
54
Incomplete Dominance
Pattern of inheritance in which a heterozygous genotype expresses a phenotype intermediate between dominant and recessive phenotypes
55
Inner Cell Mass
Cluster of cells within the blastocyst that is fated to become the embryo
56
Involution
Postpartum shrinkage of the uterus back to its pre-pregnancy volume
57
Kayotype
Systematic arrangement of images of chromosomes into homologous pairs
58
Lactation
Process by which milk is synthesized and secreted from the mammary glands of the postpartum female breast in response to sucking at the nipple
59
Lanugo
Silk-like hairs that coat the fetus; shed later in fetal development
60
Let-down Reflex
Release of milk from the alveoli triggered by infant suckling
61
Lightening / Dropping
Descent of the fetus lower into the pelvis in late pregnancy
62
Lochia
Postpartum vaginal discharge that begins as blood and ends as a whitish discharge; the end of lochia signals that the site of placental attachment has healed
63
Meconium
Fetal wastes consisting of ingested amniotic fluid, cellular debris, musus, and bile
64
Mesoderm
Primary germ layer that becomes the skeleton, muscles, connective tissue, heart, blood vessels, and kidneys
65
Morula
Tightly packed sphere of blastomeres that has reached the uterus but has not yet implanted itself
66
Mutation
Change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
67
Neural Fold
Elevated edge of the neural groove
68
Neural Plate
Thickened layer of neuroepithelium that runs longitudinally along the dorsal surface of an embryo and gives rise to nervous system tissue
69
Neural Tube
Precursor to the structures of the central nervous system, formed by the invagination and separation of neuroepithelium
70
Neurulation
Embryonic process that establishes the central nervous system
71
Nonshivering Thermogenesis
Process of breaking down brown adipose tissue to produce heat in the absence of a shivering response
72
Notocord
Rod-shaped, mesoderm-dervied structure that provides support for growing fetus
73
Organogenesis
Development of the reudimentary structures of all of an ambryo's organs from the germ layers
74
Parturition
Childbirth
75
Phenotype
Physical or biochemical manifestation of the genotype; expression of the alleles - an individual's observable traits
76
Placenta
Organ that forms during pregnancy to nourish the developing fetus; also regulates waste and gas exchange between mother and fetus
77
Placenta Previa
Low placement of fetus within uterus causes placenta to partially or completely cover the opening of the cervix as it grows
78
Placentation
formation of the placenta; complete by weeks 14-16 of pregnancy
79
Polyspermy
Penetration of an oocyte by more than one sperm
80
Primitive Streak
Indentation along the dorsal surface of the epiblast through which cells migrate to form the endoderm and mesoderm during gastrulation
81
Prolactin
Pituitary hormone that establishes and maintains the supple of breast milk; also important for the mobilization of material micronutrients for breast milk
82
Punnett Square
Grid used to display all possible combinations of alleles transmitted by parents to offspring and predict the mathematical probability of offspring inheriting a given genotype
83
Quickening
Fetal movements that re strong enough to be felt by the mother
84
Recessive
Describes a trait is only expressed in homozygous form and is masked in heterozygous form
85
Recessive Lethal
Inheritance pattern in which individuals with to copies of lethal allele do not survive in utero or have a shortened life span
86
Sex Chromosomes
Pair of chromosomes involved in sex determination; in males, the XY chromosomes; in females, the XX chromosomes
87
Shunt
Circulatory shortcut that diverts the flow of blood from one region to another
88
Somite
One of the paired, repeating blocks of tissue located on either side of the notochord in the early embryo
89
Syncytiotrophoblast
Superficial cells of the trophoblast that fuse to form a multi-nucleated body that digests endometrial cells to firmly secure the blastocyst to the uterine wall
90
Trait
Variation of an expressed characteristic
91
Trimester
Division of the duration of a pregnancy into three, 3-month terms
92
Trophoblast
Fluid-filled shell of squamous cells destined to become the chorionic villi, placenta, and associated fetal membranes
93
True Labor
Regular contractions that immediately preceded childbirth; they do not abate with hydration or rest, and they become more frequent and powerful with time
94
Umbilical Cord
Connection between the developing conceptus and the placenta; carries deoxygenated blood and wastes from the fetus and returns nutrients and oxygen from the mother
95
Vernix Caseosa
Waxy, cheese-like substance that protects the delicate fetal skin until birth
96
X-linked
Pattern of inheritance in which an allele is carried on the X chromosome of the 23rd pair
97
X-lined Dominant
Pattern of the dominant inheritance that corresponds to a gene on the X chromosome of the 23rd pair
98
X-linked Recessive
Pattern of recessive inheritance that corresponds to a gene on the X chromosome of the 23rd pair
99
Yolk Sac
Membrane associated with primitive circulation to the developing embryo; source of the first blood cells and germ cells and contributes to the umbillocal cord structure
100
Zona Pellucida
Thick, gel-like glycoprotein membrane that coats the oocyte and must be penetrated by sperm before fertilization can occur
101
Zygote
Fertilized egg; a diploid cell resulting from the fertilization of haploid gametes from the male and female lines

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (6 decks)

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