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Chemistry A Level > Chapter 28, 29 and 30 - Amines, Polymerisation, DNA > Flashcards

Chapter 28, 29 and 30 - Amines, Polymerisation, DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What are amines

A

They are compounds derived from ammonia
They have unpleasant ‘fishy’ odours

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2
Q

How are amines named

A

Suffix -amine
Prefix amino-

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of amines

A

Ammonia
Primary amine
secondary amine
tertiary amine
Quaternary salts - not amines

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4
Q

What is the structure of an aliphatic amine

A

It has an alkyl group attached to the N

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5
Q

What is the structure of an aromatic amine

A

It has the nitrogen attached directly to a benzene ring

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6
Q

What is a quaternary salt

A

It is a nitrogen with a positive charge attached to 4 molecules

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7
Q

What do amines act as

A

weak Bronsted-Lowry bases

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8
Q

What are Bronsted-Lowry bases

A

Proton acceptors

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9
Q

Why can amines act how they do

A

They have a lone pair on the nitrogen that can readily accept protons

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10
Q

What does the ability of an amine to act as a base depend on

A

How well the lone pair on the nitrogen can accept H+

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11
Q

What is the order of base strength from strongest to weakest

A

Tertiary
Secondary
Primary
NH3
aromatic amine

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12
Q

In aliphatic amines, what causes the ability of a nitrogen to accept H+ to increase

A

alkyl groups push electrons towards the nitrogen increasing the availability of the N lone pair
Increasing the ability to accept H+
inductive effect

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13
Q

In aromatic amines, what causes the ability of a nitrogen to accept H+ to decrease

A

The N lone pair is partially delocalised into the benzene ring, reducing the availability of the N lone pair so reducing its ability to accept H+
Reducing the base strength

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14
Q

What are aromatic amines used as

A

Used in the manufacture of dyes

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15
Q

How are aromatic amines made

A

Reduction of aromatic nitro compounds
Sn + HCl

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16
Q

How are primary aliphatic amines made

A

2 stages
From Haloalkane

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17
Q

What is the first stage of making primary aliphatic amines

A

Nucleophilic substitution
Add CN- in Aqueous Alcohol
Form nitrile
CH3Br + CN- -> CH3CN + KBr

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18
Q

What is the second stage of making primary aliphatic amines

A

Reduction
Ni catalyst
From nitrile to primary amine
CH3CN + 2H2 -> CH3CH2NH2

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19
Q

What is the other method to making primary aliphatic amines

A

Haloalkanes react with excess of concentrated ammonia
nucleophilic substitution
CH3Br + 2NH3 -> CH3NH2 + NH4Br

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20
Q

What is the mechanism for making a primary aliphatic amine the other method

A

Nucleophilic substitution
Lone pair on NH3 attacks carbon
Breaks bond between carbon and bromine towards bromine
Lone pair on NH3 attacks hydrogen
Bond between hydrogen and nitrogen breaks towards nitrogen

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21
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of making a primary aliphatic amine the second method

A

1 step
Doesn’t add another carbon to product
Reaction can repeat and form multiple products

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22
Q

What can happen in the second method after the intial reaction

A

The product can act as a nucleophile to another haloalkane
This causes further reactions forming a mixture of primary, secondary, tertiary amines and quaternary salts
This method can’t be used to make amines

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23
Q

In the second method what is the main product with excess NH3

A

primary amine

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24
Q

In the second method what is the main product with excess haloalkane

A

quaternary salt

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25
What do amino acids contain
Amine group Carboxylic acid
26
What are alpha amino acids
Amino acid with 1 carbon between the NH2 and COOH group
27
What do amino acids exist as in the solid state
zwitterions
28
Why do amino acids exist as zwitterions
Ionic High melting point Usually solids at room temperature Soluble in water
29
What do zwitterions look like
Carboxylic acid is COO- Amine is NH3+
30
When dissolved in water, what are amino acids sensitive to
pH
31
What do amino acids look like at a low pH
Amine is protonated - NH3+ Acid is undissociated - COOH
32
What do amino acids look like at a high pH
Amine unprotonated - NH2 Acid dissociated - COO-
33
What are the reactions of amino acids like
It involves either the amine or carboxylic acid group
34
What reactions does the amine group do
Protonated by acids (low pH) Acylation with acyl chloride/acid anhydride Nucleophilic substitution with haloalkanes
35
What reactions does the carboxylic acid in the amino acid do
Deprotonated by bases (high pH) Acylation with esterification with alcohols (conc H2SO4 catalyst)
36
What product is made from reacting 2 amino acids
peptides + water
37
What is the peptide link
The bond between the 2 amino acids CO -NH COOH loses OH NH2 loses H
38
What are addition polymers
They are long chain molecules formed from lots of small molecules (monomers) joined together to form 1 big molecule (polymer)
39
How are addition polymers formed
When alkenes undergo self addition
40
What is the monomer structure
The structure of the monomer by itself
41
What is the polymer structure
The monomer structure when in the polymer with brackets around outside bonds
42
What is the repeating unit
The monomer structure with bonds to other monomers
43
What are condensation polymers
Long chain molecules formed from lots of small molecules (monomers) join together to form 1 big molecule (polymer) with another small molecule formed as well
44
What are condensation polymers normally made from
2 different monomers each with 2 functional groups that can react together
45
What are polyesters formed from
Dicarboxylic acids with diols
46
What is the bond between polyesters
OH from COOH H from OH react together to form water Forms COO bond
47
What is an example of polyesters
Terylene Made from benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid and ethane-1,2-diol
48
What are polyamides
Polymers formed from dicarboxylic acid and diamines Form peptide link
49
What is an example of polyamides
nylon - 6,6 Kevlar
50
What are addition polymers known as
Plastics
51
What are polyalkenes
addition polymers saturated
52
What are the properties of addition polymers
unreactive chemically inert
53
What are the advantages of the properties of addition polymers
Safe Durable
54
What are the disadvantages of the properties of addition polymers
Don't biodegrade Pollution hazard Difficult to dispose of
55
How are Non-Biodegrable polymers disposed of
Landfill Incineration Recycling
56
What is Landfill
Polymers are buried in sites dedicated to waste Land available is limited though
57
What is incineration
Polymers are burned Releases lots of heat energy which can be used to generate electricity Carbon Dioxide is released - global warming Toxic gases can also be produced under certain conditions
58
What is recycling
Reusing polymers Not always practical - expensive to separate Protects the useful hydrocarbon resources
59
What does the amide and ester links in poly amides and polyesters do
They can react with acids and bases causing the polymer structure to break reforming the monomers Called hydrolysis
60
What are the properties of condensation polymers
Biodegradable
61
What are molecules formed up to 50 amino acids joined together known as
Polypeptides
62
What are molecules with more than 50 amino acids joined together known as
Proteins
63
What are proteins
Polymers of amino acid monomers
64
What are the 3 structures of proteins
Primary Secondary Tertiary
65
What is the primary protein structure
Amino acids joined in a chain
66
What is the secondary protein structure
Amino acids form a beta-pleated sheet or a alpha helix Folding of its polypeptide chain
67
What are the tertiary protein structures
A combination of the beta-pleaded sheets and alpha-helix's
68
What causes secondary protein structures
Hydrogen bonding interactions between C=O and N-H groups from different sections of the chain
69
How do the hydrogen bonds form
Nitrogen and oxygen are electronegative so C=O and N-H bonds are polar Lone pair on oxygen atom is attracted to delta positive hydrogen of N-H forming a hydrogen bond
70
What bonds are there in a tertiary structure
Van Der Waals forces Hydrogen bonds Ionic Bonds Disulphide bridges (covalent bonds)
71
How can peptides be broken down
By hydrolysis Produces individual amino acids that they were formed from
72
What are conditions for hydrolysis
HCl and boil for 24 hours or Enzyme
73
What are enzymes
They are protein molecules that act as biological catalysts They have an active site where the reaction takes place
74
What do enzymes react with
Molecules called substrates
75
Why do enzymes only work with certain substrates
The active sites are very particular shapes They are stereospecific
76
What are inhibitors
Molecules with similar shape to the active site can compete with the substrate molecules They can block the active site so no substrate fits in
77
How do many drugs work
Using enzyme inhibition e.g. aspirin, penicillin
78
What is DNA stand for
deoxyribonucleic acid
79
What is DNA
A polymer Present in all living cells Formed from nucleotides (monomers) join together
80
What is the structure of DNA
There are 2 polynucleotide chains (strands) spiralled together in a double helix structure
81
What is a nucleotide
Phosphate bonded to a deoxyribose sugar which is bonded to a base
82
What are the bases
Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine
83
How is a nucleotide formed
Phosphate attaches to the 5th carbon in the sugar N-H on Base attaches to the 1st carbon
84
How does the phosphate bond to the sugar
H from OH on phosphate and OH from sugar react Bond between Oxygen and CH2
85
How does the phosphate from the other nucleotide bond onto the sugar
OH on phosphate reacts with H on the 3rd carbon on the sugar Produces water
86
How are the 2 strands of DNA held together
Base pairing
87
How are the bases paired
Adenine - Thymine Cytosine - Guanine
88
How do the bases bond together
AT - Bond between NH and O Bond between N and NH GC - Bond between O and NH Bond between NH and N Bond between NH and O
89
What are the 2 strands described as
complementary
90
What is cisplatin
A complex of platinum(ll) with 2 chlorides and 2 ammonia ligands Successful anti-cancer drug
91
What causes cancer
When cells in the body divide and replicate uncontrollably forming tumours
92
How do cells divide
A cell replicates its DNA The strands unwind so they can be copied
93
How does cisplantin work
It attaches to N atoms of nearby guanine bases in DNA Ligand replacement reaction This stops strands unwinding so the cell can't replicate properly
94
What are the side effects of cisplantin
Hair loss Nausea Immunosuppresion
95
What are the solutions to the side effects of cisplantin
Use lowest therapeutic dose Develop new drugs Find ways of targeting the cancer cells directly
96
Why don't addition polymers undergo hydrolysis
The c-c bonds are too strong Or No polar groups/Non-polar Depends on alkene
97
What are the uses of quaternary salts
Hair conditioner / disinfectant

Chemistry A Level (20 decks)

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