Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A & P II > Chapter 28 - The Reproduction System #2 > Flashcards

Chapter 28 - The Reproduction System #2 Flashcards

0
Q

The prostate is located? It surrounds”

A

Inferior to the urinary bladder and surrounds the prosthetic urethra.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

This is a single donut shaped gland about the size of a golf ball.

A

Prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

This gland secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid that makes up about 25% of the volume of semen.

A

Prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Secretions of the prostate enter the prostatic urethra through?

A

Prostatic ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name 2 unique substances that are found in the fluid secreted by the prostate gland.

A

Prostate-specific antigen & seminalplasmin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

If this substance found in the fluid secreted by the prostate has increased levels in blood, it can indicate enlargement of the prostate, infection, or prostate cancer.

A

Prostate-specific antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

This is an antibiotic that can destroy bacteria and is found in the substance secreted by the prostate.

A

Seminalplasmin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

These are paired glands about the size of peas.

A

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Bulbourethral glands are located inferiorly to? They are located on either side of?

A

The prostate / either side of the membranous urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

During sexual intercourse, these glands secrete an alkaline fluid into the urethra that protects the passing sperm from acids in urine; they also secrete mucus for lubrication.

A

Bulbourethral glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

This is a mixture of sperm and seminal fluid

A

Semen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

This is a liquid that consists of the secretions of the seminiferous tubules, seminal vesicles, prostate, and Bulbourethral glands.

A

Seminal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Semen contains how much sperm per milliliter?

A

100 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the pH of sperm?

A

Slightly alkaline (7.2-7.7)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

This provides sperm with a transportation medium, nutrients, and protection from the hostile acidic environment of the male’s urethra and the female’s vagina.

A

Seminal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

This contains the male urethra and is a passageway for semen and urine

A

The penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

This is the opening of the tip of the penis that allows semen or urine to exit the body.

A

External urethral orifice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The tip of the penis aka

A

Glans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The body of the penis is composed of how many cylindrical, erectile masses of tissue that fill with blood upon sexual stimulation?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The masses of tissues located in the penis?

A

Corpus cavernosa & corpus spongiosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

These are the 2 dorsolateral masses of the penis.

A

Corpora cavernosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

This is the smaller, single midventral mass of the penis which contains the spongy urethra.

A

Corpus spongiosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

These are paired glands that produce female gametes and hormones.

A

Ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The ovaries contain little compartments or bags that contain developing gametes in various stages. These are called?

A

Follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The ovaries are held in position by what 3 ligaments?

A

Broad, ovarian, suspensory ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

This ligament attaches the uterus to the pelvic cavity and also attaches to the ovaries.

A

Broad ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

This ligament anchors the ovaries to the uterus

A

Ovarian ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

This ligament attaches the ovaries to the pelvic wall.

A

Suspensory ligament.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Females have two of these tubes?

A

Uterine (Fallopian)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Uterine tubes measure how long? They lie between?

A

4 inches / the folds if the broad ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

This is the funnel-shaped end portion of each uterine tube; it is close to the ovary but actually opens to the pelvic cavity.

A

Infundibulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

These are the finger like projections of the infundibulum near the ovaries.

A

Fimbriae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

These structures produce small movements that sweep an ovulated oocyte into a tube.

A

Uterine tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The uterine tubes eventually lead to and attach to?

A

The uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

This part of each uterine tubes is a wide portion located medially to the infundibulum.

A

Ampulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Fertilization usually occurs?

A

In the ampulla of the Fallopian tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

This part of the uterine the is the narrow portion that joins the uterus.

A

Isthmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The epithelial lining of the Fallopian tubes contains what types of cells? These cells help move the female gamete (or fertilized ovum) toward the uterus.

A

Ciliated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What do the muscular walls of the Fallopian tubes do to assist in the movement of the female gamete toward the uterus?

A

The contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

A fertilized egg arrives at the uterus how many days after it is released from an ovary?

A

6-7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The main method of sterilization in females is?

A

Tubal ligation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

In a tubal ligation, what is done?

A

The fallopian tubes are tied and closed then cut.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the result of tubal ligation?

A

The secondary oocyte cannot pass through the fallopian tubes and sperm cannot reach it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

This serves as the site of fetal development during pregnancy.

A

Uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The 3 parts of the uterus.

A

Fundus, body, cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

This part of the uterus is the dome-shaped portion that is superior to the fallopian tubes.

A

Fundus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

This is the central portion of the uterus.

A

Body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

This is the inferior narrow portion of the uterus that produces mucus.

A

Cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

The interior of the body of the uterus is called?

A

Uterine cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

The interior of the cervix is the?

A

Cervical canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

This is the entrance to the cervical canal (from the uterine cavity).

A

Internal os

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

This is the entrance to the vagina (at the lower end of the cervix)

A

External os

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Normally the body of the uterus projects anteriorly over the urinary bladder in a position called?

A

Anteflexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

A tilted uterus is flexed which way?

A

Posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

These ligaments attach the uterus to the sides of the pelvic cavity.

A

Broad ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

This ligaments lie on either side of the rectum and connect the uterus to the sacrum

A

Uterosacral ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

These ligaments attach the uterus to the vulva area

A

Runs ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

The 3 layers of tissue found in the uterus

A

Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

This layer of the uterus is the outer epithelial layer which becomes the broad ligament laterally.

A

Perimetrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

This is the middle layer of the uterus and consists of smooth muscle.

A

Myometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Labor during childbirth involves the contraction of what layer of the uterus?

A

Myometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

This is the inner layer of the uterus. It is highly vascularized.

A

Endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What layer of the uterus is sloughed off during menstruation?

A

Endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

this is the most common gynecological operation and is the surgical removal of the uterus.

A

Hysterectomy

64
Q

This is a muscular tubelike structure about 4 inches long that extends from the exterior of the body to the cervix. It serves as the receptacle for the penis during sexual intercourse and is the outlet for menstrual flow and the birth canal.

A

Vagina

65
Q

What can the vagina do during sexual intercourse or childbirth due to its muscular structure?

A

Stretch

66
Q

This is a recessed area at the junction between the cervix and the vagina.

A

Fornix

67
Q

These are folds within the vagina.

A

Rugae

68
Q

The pH inside the vagina is usually? This is harmful to the sperm so what helps to protect the sperm?

A

Acidic / the alkaline pH of semen

69
Q

This is the opening to the exterior of the body from the vagina?

A

Vaginal orifice

70
Q

The vulva consists of what 4 external female structures?

A

Mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris

71
Q

This part of the vulva is an elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and hair that cushions the pubic symphysis.

A

Mons pubis

72
Q

This part of the vulva consists of two folds on skin covered by hair that contain oil and sweat glands.

A

Labia majora

73
Q

This part of the vulva consists of two smaller folds of skin which are not covered with hair. They surround the vestibule (area containing the vaginal orifice), the external urethral orifice, and the openings of several mucus-secreting glands.

A

Labia minora

74
Q

This is a small mass of erectile tissue and nerves. It plays a role in sexual excitement in the female.

A

Clitoris

75
Q

The formation of gametes in the ovaries is called?

A

Oogenesis

76
Q

When does spermatogenesis begin in males?

A

Puberty

77
Q

When does oogenesis begin in females?

A

Before they are even born

78
Q

During early fetal development, germ cells in the ovaries differentiate into?

A

Oogonia

79
Q

Oogonia are what kind of stem cell? They divide by?

A

Diploid / mitosis

80
Q

After mitosis, some oogonia develop and mature into?

A

Primary oocytes (2n)

81
Q

The primary oocytes enter what phase of meiosis? They temporarily stop at what phase?

A

Meiosis 1 / prophase 1

82
Q

What surrounds each primary oocyte?

A

A single layer of follicle cells

83
Q

At birth there are how many primary oocytes per ovary?

A

200,000 - 2,000,000

84
Q

Many primary oocytes degenerate before puberty leaving how many?

A

400,000

85
Q

How many primary oocytes will mature during a woman’s reproductive lifetime?

A

400

86
Q

Primary oocytes are enclosed in? These are little bags within the cortex of the ovaries.

A

Follicles

87
Q

Each month after puberty and until menopause, hormones stimulate the further development of?

A

A few of the primary oocytes and their follicles.

88
Q

A layers of cells begin to surround the developing oocyte, a primoridal follicle becomes?

A

Primary follicle

89
Q

The primary follicle cell layer begins to secrete what type of fluid? This builds up where?

A

Follicular fluid / within the follicle

90
Q

As the follicular fluid builds up within the follicle, a primary follicle becomes?

A

A secondary follicle

91
Q

A secondary follicle enlarges and becomes?

A

Mature (graafian) follicle

92
Q

How many follicles mature per month?

A

1

93
Q

While in the mature follicle, the primary oocyte completes meiosis 1, producing a large haploid cell called and a small cell called?

A

A secondary oocyte / first polar body

94
Q

This is a tiny packet of discarded nuclear material

A

Polar body

95
Q

During of genesis, what receives most of the cytoplasm?

A

The secondary oocyte

96
Q

What begins meiosis II during oogenesis?

A

Secondary oocyte

97
Q

The secondary oocyte begins meiosis II but stops in?

A

Metaphase II

98
Q

The mature (graafian) follicle ruptures and releases its secondary oocyte during?

A

Ovulation

99
Q

After ovulation, what are expelled into the pelvic cavity?

A

The secondary oocyte (the the first polar body)

100
Q

What happens during oogenesis if fertilization does not occur?

A

The cells degenerate

101
Q

If sperm are present in the fallopian tubes, and one sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte, what resumes?

A

Meiosis II

102
Q

The secondary oocyte divides into a large cell called and another?

A

Ovum and another polar body

103
Q

During oogenesis, ometimes the first polar body divides into?

A

2 more polar bodies

104
Q

During oogenesis, when the nuclei of the ovum and Soren cell unite, and what is formed?

A

A diploid zygote

105
Q

Generally a single primary oocyte gives rise to?

A

3 polar bodies and 1 ovum

106
Q

This is a fluid-filled sac in or on an ovary?

A

Ovarian cyst

107
Q

In both male and females, specific cells in the hypothalamus in the brain begin to secrete this at puberty.

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

108
Q

GnRH is a hormone that stimulates te anterior pituitary gland to secrete?

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

109
Q

In males, LH stimulates the interstitial (Leydig) cells to secrete?

A

Testosterone

110
Q

This is a lipid soluble hormone that is synthesized from cholesterol in the testes.

A

Testosterone

111
Q

Testosterone diffuses into the blood and travels to the brain where it suppresses secretion of? This is an example of?

A

LH and GnRH / negative feedback of the endocrine system

112
Q

In males, this hormone along with testosterone, stimulates spermatogenesis

A

FH

113
Q

Once sperm cell production is at a level that supports reproductive function, Sertoli cells release?

A

Inhibin

114
Q

This hormone suppresses FSH secretion by the anterior pituitary gland.

A

Inhibin

115
Q

Testosterone is also produced by what glands of both makes and females?

A

Adrenal

116
Q

This is another androgen that is produced from testosterone and stimulates the development of the external genitals.

A

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

117
Q

Testosterone is also converted in the brain to this which is the feminizing hormones.

A

Estrogen

118
Q

Testosterone and DHT cause the development of the?

A

Secondary sex characteristics

119
Q

Which hormones also contribute to sex drive (libido) in both makes and females?

A

Testosterone and DHT

120
Q

During the reproductive years the ovaries and uterus of a female undergo changes that occur in calves approximately how many days in length?

A

28 (generally ranges 24-35 days)

121
Q

The female reproductive cycle consists of what 2 cycles?

A

Ovarian cycle and menstrual cycle

122
Q

This cycle is a series of events that occur in the ovaries

A

Ovarian cycle

123
Q

This female reproductive cycle is a series of changes that occur in the uterus specifically the endometrium.

A

Menstrual cycle

124
Q

The female rep productive cycle is subdivided into what 4 phases?

A

Menstrual, preovulatory, ovulation, postovulatory

125
Q

The menstrual phase is also called? It’s lasts?

A

Menstruation and lasts about 5 days

126
Q

The first day of menstruation is considered to be what day of the monthly cycle?

A

Day 1

127
Q

Menstrual flow from the uterus consists if how many mL of blood, mucus, and epithelial cells that’s he’s from the endometrium.

A

50-150 mL

128
Q

The endometrium is divided into what 2 layers?

A

Stratum functionalis and stratum basalis

129
Q

This endometrium layer lines the uterine cavity and is sloughed off during menstruation

A

Stratum functionalis

130
Q

This is a deeper layer of the endometrium that remains and gives rise to a new stratum functionalis following menstruation.

A

Stratum basalis

131
Q

This phase of the female reproductive system is the more variable in length than the other phases and accounts for most of the differences in overall cycle length.

A

Preovulatory phase

132
Q

The preovulatory phase lasts?

A

From the end of menstruation until ovulation (from about days 6-13)

133
Q

This is the rupture of the mature (graafian) follicle and the release of the secondary oocyte.

A

Ovulation

134
Q

Ovulation typically occurs on what day of a 28 day cycle.

A

Day 14

135
Q

At ovulation, the secondary ooocyte is protected by a clear glycoprotein layer called and a layer of follicle cells called?

A

Zona pellucide / corona radiata

136
Q

This phase of the female reproductive system lasts from ovulation until the next menstruation begins.

A

Postovulatory phase

137
Q

The postovulatoru phase almost always lasts how many days regardless of the overall length of the monthly cycle.

A

14

138
Q

As in the male, hormonal reproduction begins as this is secreted by the hypothalamus.

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

139
Q

This hormone targets the ovaries by stimulating the development of some follicles (from primordial ➡ primary ➡ secondary ➡ graafian)

A

FSH

140
Q

As some of the ovarian follicles mature, they begin to secrete?

A

Estrogen and inhibin

141
Q

This hormone promotes the development and maintenance of the female reproductive structures and the secondary sex characteristics.

A

Estrogen

142
Q

Release of GnRH, LH, and FSH decrease as what increases? This is what kind of feedback?

A

Estrogen / negative

143
Q

If several follicles become mature and undergo ovulation, more than one secondary oocyte may be fertilized. This results in?

A

Fraternal twins

144
Q

Since the menstrual and preovulatory phases involve the ovarian follicles, this first part of the monthly cycle is sometimes called?

A

The follicular phase.

145
Q

Since changes are also occurring in the uterus, another name for the follicular phase is?

A

Proliferative phase

146
Q

Estrogen released by the developing follicles stimulate cells of the stratum basalis to?

A

Divide by mitosis

147
Q

When the cells of the stratum basalis divide by mitosis, what is the result?

A

A new stratum functionalis and a thickened endometrium.

148
Q

Just before ovulation, the release of this hormone from the anterior pituitary gland increases. This is called?

A

LH. LH surge.

149
Q

The LH surge causes ovulation within how many hours?

A

About 9

150
Q

During the LH surge, what happens to the secondary oocyte?

A

It is usually swept into the fallopian tube to possibly be fertilized by a sperm cell,

151
Q

After ovulation, the ruptured follicle scabs over and becomes?

A

A corpus hemorrhagicum

152
Q

Several days after the follicle becomes a corpus hemorrhagicum, it heals and becomes?

A

A corpus luteum

153
Q

The corpus luteum secretes what 4 hormones?

A

Progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, inhibin

154
Q

This hormone helps to prepare the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized ovum. It also prepares the mammary glands for milk secretion.

A

Progesterone

155
Q

This hormone inhibits contractions of the myometrium (so implantation can occur in a “calm” uterus).

A

Relaxin

156
Q

In late pregnancy this hormone relaxes the pubic symphysis and helps dilate the cervix for childbirth.

A

Relaxin

157
Q

Tis hormone suppressed secretion of FSH and LH

A

Inhibin

A & P II (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions