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A & P II > Chapter 24 - The Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 24 - The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

The digestive system consists of what two things?

A

The gastrointestinal (GI) & accessory digestive organs

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2
Q

The GI tract portion of the digestive system is a continuous tube that includes? (6)

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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3
Q

The accessory organs of the digestive system include? (6)

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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4
Q

Name the basic processes of the digestive system? (6)

A

Ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion, absorption, defecation

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5
Q

Involved in eating; is the taking of foods and liquids into the mouth

A

Ingestion

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6
Q

Is the release of water, acids, enzymes, etc into the digestive tract

A

Secretion

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7
Q

Churning and movement of food through the GI tract

A

mixing and propulsion

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8
Q

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

A

Digestion

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9
Q

Passage of digested products from the GI tract into the blood and lymph

A

Absorption

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10
Q

The elimination of feces from the GI tract

A

Defecation

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11
Q

Made up of wastes, indigestible substances, bacteria, sloughed-off cells

A

Feces

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12
Q

The wall of the GI tract from the lower esophagus to the anal canal has the same basic 4-layered arrangement of tissues. They are?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

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13
Q

This is the inner lining of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa

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14
Q

The mucosa is a mucus membrane that is composed of what 3 things?

A

Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

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15
Q

What is the epithelium of the mucosa? It is in contact with?

A

A layer of cells which is in contact with the contents of the GI tract

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16
Q

What is the lamina propria if the mucosa?

A

A layer of connective tissue

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17
Q

What is the muscularis mucosae of the mucosa?

A

A thin layer of smooth muscle

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18
Q

The wall of the stomach is composed of?

A

The same 4 layers as most of the rest of the GI tract with a few differences.

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19
Q

The muscularis in the body of the stomach has how many layers of smooth muscle? As opposed to? The layers are?

A

3 as opposed to 2 as in the intestines and rest of the stomach / an oblique layer, middle circular layer, outer longitudinal layer

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20
Q

The epithelium of the stomach extends deep down into the mucosa forming channels called?

A

Gastric pits

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21
Q

Some of the epithelial cells of the stomach secret mucus and are called? The mucus helps to?

A

Surface mucous cells / protect the stomach from the acidic pH of stomach acid

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22
Q

As the bottom of gastric pits in the stomach, there are these which are composed of secretory cells.

A

Gastric gland

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23
Q

The gastric glands secret substances into? These substances eventually?

A

Into the gastric pits. They eventually reach the lumen of the stomach.

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24
Q

The gastric glands contain 4 types of cells. They are?

A

Mucous neck cells, chief cells, parietal cells, g cells

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25
Q

A type of gastric gland cell that secretes mucus along with the surface mucous cells.

A

Mucous neck cells

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26
Q

A type of gastric gland cell that secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

A

Chief cells

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27
Q

A type of gastric gland cell that produces intrinsic factor (needed for the absorption of vitamin b12) and hydrochloric acid.

A

Parietal cells

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28
Q

A type of gastric gland cell that secretes the hormone gastrin into the bloodstream.

A

G cells

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29
Q

This helps regulate stomach secretions and motility (increases both)

A

Gastrin

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30
Q

Stomach acid aka?

A

Gastric juice

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31
Q

This is composed of the secretions of the mucous, parietal, and chief cells

A

Gastric juice (stomach acid)

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32
Q

How many quarts of gastric juice is secreted each day? What is the pH level?

A

2-3 quarts / 2 (strongly acidic)

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33
Q

How long does the passage of food from the mouth usually take?

A

Seconds

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34
Q

Once food enters the stomach, what happens?

A

Starch digestion by salivary amylase continues for awhile.

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35
Q

After starch digestion y salivary amylase, food becomes mixed with? What happens to the salivary amylase?

A

Gastric juice and liquified to form chyme and salivary amylase is inactivated.

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36
Q

Hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice kills many microbes in the food and causes?

A

The conversion of the inactive enzyme pepsinogen into the active version of pepsin.

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37
Q

This digests proteins by breaking bonds between amino acids

A

Pepsin

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38
Q

This is secreted by chief cells in its inactive form to prevent it from digesting proteins in the cells.

A

Pepsin

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39
Q

This is secreted by chief cells and digests triglycerides in fat.

A

Gastric lipase

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40
Q

Not much of this occurs in the stomach? Only for?

A

Absorption / water, alcohol,certain drugs (aspirin) and a few other substances

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41
Q

After 2-4 hours what has the stomach done?

A

Emptied contents into the duodenum

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42
Q

A retroperitoneal accessory digestive organ that is about 5-6 inches long and lies posterior to the stomach.

A

Pancreas

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43
Q

Pancreatic juices passes to the duodenum through what 2 ducts?

A

Pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung) and accessory duct (duct of Santorini)

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44
Q

The pancreatic duct generally joins? It then enters the duodenum as a common duct called?

A

Common bile duct from the liver / hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)

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45
Q

The accessory duct empties into?

A

The duodenum about an inch superior to the hepatopancreatic

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46
Q

The pancreas is made up of what two main types of cells?

A

Acini & Pancreatic islets

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47
Q

99% of the pancreatic cells are of this type. They secrete pancreatic juice

A

Acini

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48
Q

1% of pancreatic cells are of this type. They are endocrine cells that secrete hormones.

A

Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

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49
Q

Ow much pancreatic juice does the pancreas produce each day?

A

1.2 - 1.5 quarts.

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50
Q

This substance is a clear, colorless liquid composed of water, some salts, sodium bicarbonate, and several enzymes.

A

Pancreatic juice.

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51
Q

The sodium bicarbonate gives pancreatic juice a pH of about? This buffers gastric juice and stops. What?

A

7.1 - 8.2 (slightly alkaline) / stops the action of pepsin.

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52
Q

Pancreatic amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease are enzymes found in?

A

Pancreatic juice

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53
Q

This digests starch

A

Pancreatic amylase

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54
Q

These pancreatic digestive juice enzymes digest protein. (3)

A

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase

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55
Q

This digest juice enzymes digest triglycerides

A

Pancreatic lipase

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56
Q

This pancreatic digestive juice enzyme digests RNA

A

Ribonuclease

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57
Q

This pancreatic digestive juice enzyme digests DNA

A

Deoxyribonuclease

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58
Q

To prevent them from digesting proteins in the pancreas, these protein digesting enzymes are produced in an inactive form which are? (3)

A

Trypsinogen, chymotrypsingogen, procarboxypeptidase

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59
Q

This is the inactive form of trypsin

A

Trypsinogen

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60
Q

This is the inactive form of chymotrypsin

A

Chymotrypsinogen

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61
Q

This is the inactive form of carboxypeptidase

A

Procarboxypeptidase

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62
Q

The primary hormones secreted by the pancreas are?

A

Insulin and glucagon

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63
Q

Insulin is secreted by what cells?

A

Beta cells

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64
Q

Glucagon is secreted by?

A

Alpha cells

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65
Q

This raises blood glucose levels?

A

Glucagon

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66
Q

This lowers blood glucose levels.

A

Insulin

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67
Q

Low blood glucose levels in a person is termed?

A

Hypoglycemia

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68
Q

Hypoglycemia stimulate?

A

The secretion of glucagon

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69
Q

Glucagon targets cells of the? This causes them to convert?

A

Liver / glycogen into glucose

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70
Q

After glucagon is converted into glucose, the glucose is released into where? This causes?

A

Into the blood / blood glucose levels to rise

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71
Q

High blood glucose levels

A

Hyperglycemia

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72
Q

Hyperglycemia inhibits? It stimulates?

A

The release of glucagon and stimulates the release of insulin.

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73
Q

Insulin acts on? Increasing?

A

Various body cells increasing the rate at which glucose moves into them.

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74
Q

Most glucose that enters the liver is converted into?

A

Glycogen

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75
Q

This inhibits the release of both insulin and glucagon.

A

Somatostatin

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76
Q

Insulin acting on various body cells and glucose entering the liver causes blood glucose levels to?

A

Decrease

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77
Q

The liver and gallbladder are two accessory digestive organs involved with the secretion of?

A

Bile

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78
Q

This emulsifies liquids before they are digested.

A

Bile

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79
Q

The liver is divided into two lobes by the?

A

Falciform ligament

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80
Q

This suspends the liver in the abdominal cavity?

A

Falciform ligament

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81
Q

The lobes of the liver are made up of?

A

Lobules

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82
Q

Liver cells within the lobules that secrete bile

A

Hepatocytes

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83
Q

The bile leaves the lobules of the liver through small ducts that eventually merge to form these which exit the right and left lobes.

A

Right and left hepatic ducts

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84
Q

The right and left hepatic ducts united and exit the liver as?

A

Common hepatic duct

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85
Q

The common hepatic duct joins this duct from the gallbladder? The form?

A

Cystic duct / common bile duct

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86
Q

The main function of the gallbladder is?

A

To store and concentrate bile produced by the liver until it is needed by the small intestine.

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87
Q

The wall of the gallbladder consists of what kind of muscle? It contracts and causes?

A

Smooth / the ejection of stored bile into the cystic duct

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88
Q

Hepatocytes secrete how much bile per day?

A

1 quart

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89
Q

This is a yellow, brownish, or olive-green liquid?

A

Bile

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90
Q

Bile has a pH of? It consists mostly of? (6)

A

7.6 - 8.6 / water, bile salts, cholesterol, lecithin, bile pigments and several ions

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91
Q

The main bile pigment is?

A

Bilirubin

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92
Q

As old red blood cells are phagocytized, what is formed?

A

Iron, globin (protein), and bilirubin (derived from heme) are formed.

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93
Q

After bilirubin is formed from the phagocytized red blood cells, the bilirubin is secreted into?

A

Bile and eventually broken down in the small intestine.

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94
Q

One of the products of the breakdown of bilirubin in bile is?

A

Stercoblin

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95
Q

This gives feces its normal brown color

A

Stercoblin

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96
Q

These help to emulsify, or breakdown, large lipid molecules so that enzymes such as pancreatic lipase can digest them.

A

Bile salts

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97
Q

A yellowish coloration of the whites of the eyes and the skin due to a build up of bilirubin

A

Jaundice

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98
Q

Jaundice can occur when?

A

The liver does not function properly to eliminate bilirubin

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99
Q

The liver receives blood from these two sources.

A

Hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein.

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100
Q

The hepatic artery carries what kind of blood?

A

Oxygenated

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101
Q

The hepatic portal vein carries what kind of blood? It contains?

A

Deoxygenated blood containing newly absorbed nutrients, drugs, and microbes and toxins from the GI tract.

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102
Q

Branches of the hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein carry blood into liver?

A

Sinusoids

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103
Q

Capillaries that carry oxygen, nutrients, and toxic cub stances to hepatocytes

A

Sinusoids

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104
Q

These carry deoxygenated blood away from the liver

A

Hepatic veins

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105
Q

the 3 regions of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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106
Q

The first and shortest region of the small intestine. About 10 inches long.

A

Duodenum

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107
Q

The second region of the small intestine. About 3 ft long.

A

Jejunum

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108
Q

The final and longest region of the small intestine. About 6 ft long.

A

ileum

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109
Q

This is at the junction of the ileum and the large intestine.

A

ileocecal sphincter

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110
Q

The wall of the small intestine is composed of?

A

The same 4 layers that make up most of the rest of the digestive tract.

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111
Q

The epithelium of the mucosa in the small intestine contains these cells what 2 cells?

A

absorptive and goblet cells

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112
Q

cells which absorb nutrients and found in the small intestine

A

absorptive cells

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113
Q

Cells in the small intestine which secret mucus

A

goblet cells

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114
Q

The functions of the liver (9)

A

carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein metabolism, processing of drugs and hormones, excretion of bilirubin, synthesis of bile salts, storage, phagocytosis, activation of vitamin D

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115
Q

What does the carbohydrate metabolism function of the liver do?

A

helps to maintain a normal blood glucose level.

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116
Q

During this function of the liver, hepatocytes can store triglycerides, break down fatty acids, and synthesize cholesterol.

A

lipid metabolism

117
Q

During this function of the liver, the hepatocytes break down amino acids, producing ammonia, which is toxic; ammonia is converted into urea, which is less toxic. Hepatocytes also synthesize most plasma proteins (immunoglobulins, albumin, prothrombin, and fibrinogen)

A

protein metabolism

118
Q

During the processing of drugs and hormones in the liver, what is detoxified?

A

alcohol and drugs

119
Q

During excretion function of the liver, what is excreted?

A

bilirubin

120
Q

Synthesis of bile salts in the liver is used for?

A

lipid emulsification

121
Q

What does the liver store?

A

glycogen and many vitamins and minerals

122
Q

In the liver, phagocytosis is used for?

A

removal of old blood cells and bacteria

123
Q

Most digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs in?

A

The small intestine

124
Q

Along with the skin and kidneys, activation of this also happens in the liver.

A

Vitamin D

125
Q

This is about 1 inch in diameter and 10 ft long in a living person. It is about 21 ft long after death due to the loss of smooth muscle tone.

A

The small intestine

126
Q

These are deep crevices in the mucosa of the small intestine that secrete intestinal juice.

A

Intestinal glands

127
Q

What cells are found in the intestinal glands of the small intestine? What else is found in these glands? (2)

A

Panted cells / secretin & cholecystokinin CCK

128
Q

These are found in the intestinal glands of the small intestine and secret lysozyme and are capable of phagocytosis of microbes.

A

Paneth cells

129
Q

This hormone is secreted by the cells in the intestinal glands of the small intestine and it causes the buffering of the acids in chyme.

A

Secretin

130
Q

This hormone is secreted by the cells found in the intestinal glands of the small intestine. It stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice and causes the contraction of the gallbladder

A

Cholecystokinin

131
Q

The are found in the mucosa of the small intestine, particularly in the ileum.

A

Lymphatic nodules

132
Q

To increase the surface area for absorption, the small intestinal wall has these features.

A

Circular folds (plicae circulares), villi, microvilli

133
Q

These are folds of the wall of the small intestine. They cause the chyme to move in a spiral manner as it passes through.

A

Circular folds (plicae circulares)

134
Q

These are found in the small intestinal wall and are finger like projections which contain blood and lymphatic (lacteals) into which absorbers nutrients pass.

A

Villi

135
Q

These Are found in the small intestinal wall and are plasma membrane extensions of the absorptive cells.

A

Microvilli

136
Q

There are 2 types of movements in the small intestine. They are?

A

Segmentation, peristalsis

137
Q

A movement of the smooth intestine in which smooth muscles in the wall contract and relax to slosh the chyme back and forth.

A

Segmentation

138
Q

A movement of the small intestine in which successive muscle contractions along thewallthat result in movement of the food through the tract.

A

Peristalsis.

139
Q

How much intestinal juice is secreted by the small intestine each day?

A

1-2 quarts

140
Q

What is the pH of intestinal juice? It is composed of?

A

7.6 (slightly alkaline) / mucus, water, and digestive enzymes

141
Q

Name 4 digestive enzymes found in intestinal juice.

A

Maltase, lactase, sucrase, peptidase

142
Q

This is a digestive enzyme found in intestinal juices that digests the sugar maltose?

A

Maltase

143
Q

This is a digestive enzyme found in intestinal juices that digests the sugar lactose?

A

Lactase

144
Q

This is a digestive enzyme found in intestinal juices that digests the sugar sucrose?

A

Sucrase

145
Q

This is a digestive enzyme found in intestinal juices that digests proteins?

A

Peptidase

146
Q

Passage of digested nutrients from the GI tract into the blood or lymph is called?

A

Absorption

147
Q

The absorptive cells of the epithelium of the small intestine absorb?

A

Nutrients

148
Q

Carbohydrates are absorbed as? They pass into?

A

Monosaccharides / capillaries of the villi

149
Q

Proteins are absorbed as? They pass into?

A

Amino acids / into the capillaries of the villi

150
Q

The villi capillaries of the small intestine lead to?

A

The hepatic portal vein

151
Q

This carries nutrients to the liver before they reach general circulation.

A

The hepatic portal vein

152
Q

Lipids are absorbed in the small intestine as?

A

Monoglycerides and fatty acids

153
Q

These are tiny spheres of bile salts that help transport lipids within the chyme in the small intestine.

A

Micelles

154
Q

Instead of passing directly into the bloodstream, lipids pass into?

A

The lacteals of the villi and then into lymphatic vessels

155
Q

These are large proteins spheres that help transport lipids within lymphatic vessels

A

Chylomicrons

156
Q

This is about 5 ft long and 2.5 inches in diameter

A

The large intestine

157
Q

This is a small pouch at the beginning of the large intestine.

A

The cecum

158
Q

This is attached to the cecum

A

The appendix

159
Q

This is the long, tubular part of the large intestine.

A

The colon

160
Q

Name the 4 regions of the colon.

A

Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon.

161
Q

This part of the colon is located on the right side of the abdomen.

A

The ascending colon.

162
Q

Tis part of the colon runs horizontally across the abdomen

A

Transverse colon

163
Q

This part of the colon is located on the left side of the abdomen

A

The descending colon

164
Q

This is the s-shaped part of the colon that is located between the descending colon and the rectum.

A

Sigmoid colon

165
Q

This is the last portion of the GI tract.

A

The rectum

166
Q

The last inch of the rectum is called?

A

The anal canal

167
Q

The anal canal opens exterior at the?

A

Anus

168
Q

This is composed of smooth muscle and is located nearest the anal canal

A

The internal anal sphincter

169
Q

Is the internal anal sphincter voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

170
Q

This is composed of skeletal muscle and is located outside the internal anal sphincter.

A

The eternal anal sphincter

171
Q

Is the external anal sphincter voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary

172
Q

The wall of the large intestine is somewhat similar to that of?

A

The small intestine.

173
Q

The wall of the large intestine does not contain?

A

Circular folds of villi

174
Q

This has the same 4 layers, epithelial, absorptive and goblet cells, intestinal glands, and lymphatic nodules as the GI tract?

A

The large intestine.

175
Q

These are longitudinal bands that run most of the length of the large intestine.

A

Teniae coli

176
Q

The teniae coli gather the walls of the large intestine into a series of pouches called? This is what gives the colon its puckered appearance.

A

Haustra

177
Q

Movement of chyme through the large intestine occurs by peristalsis and?

A

Haustral churning

178
Q

Are digestive enzymes secreted by the large intestine?

A

No

179
Q

In the large intestine, what is secreted and whatbreaks down the remaining nutrients?

A

Mucus / bacteria

180
Q

Bacteria breaking down the remaining nutrients in the large intestine allows for?

A

The absorption of vitamin K an some B vitamins

181
Q

What other 3 things does the large intestine absorb?

A

Water, ions, and vitamins

182
Q

Chyme is changed into this which is secreted from the body.

A

Feces

183
Q

This in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anal canal serves primarily as a protective lining of the GI tract.

A

Epithelium

184
Q

The stomach and intestines are line with this which is specialized for secretion and absorption

A

Epithelium

185
Q

How often are epithelium cells sloughed off and replaced by new cells?

A

Every 5-7 days

186
Q

The lamina propria is a connective tissue found in the GI tract that contains?

A

Many blood and lymphatic vessels

187
Q

The lamina propria of the GI tract supports and binds?

A

The epithelium and binds it to the muscularis mucosae

188
Q

The lamina propria of the GI tract contains this which protects against diseases.

A

Lymphatic tissue (nodules)

189
Q

The muscularis mucosa of the mucosa within the GI tract has numerous? What are these designed to do?

A

Folds designed to increase the surface area of the mucus membrane for digestion and absorption

190
Q

This is a connective tissue layered of the GI tract that binds the mucosa to the muscularis.

A

Sub mucosa

191
Q

The sub mucosa contains?

A

Many blood and lymphatic vessels

192
Q

The sub mucosa also contains this which is a network of neurons involved in control of secretions within the digestive tract

A

Submucosal plexus

193
Q

The submucosa may contain?

A

Glands and lymphatic tissue

194
Q

The muscularis of the mouth, pharynx, and middle to upper parts of the esophagus contain? This allows for?

A

Skeletal muscle / voluntary swallowing

195
Q

This is composed of skeletal muscle to allow for voluntary control of defecation.

A

External anal sphincter

196
Q

The parts of the GI tract not included in the mouth, pharynx, and parts of the upper and lower esophagus consists of this that is generally found in 2 sheets.

A

Smooth muscle

197
Q

This is the inner layer of smooth muscle found in the muscularis.

A

Circular muscle

198
Q

This is the outer layer of smooth muscle found in the muscularis

A

Longitudinal muscle

199
Q

This is a network of neurons found between the layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis; this is involved in motility (movement) within the digestive tract.

A

Myenteric plexus

200
Q

The portions of the GI tract that are suspended in the abdominopelvic cavity have a superficial layer called?

A

Serosa

201
Q

The serosa is composed of?

A

Epithelial and connective tissue

202
Q

This consists of a layer of epithelial and an underlying layer of connective issue.

A

Peritoneum

203
Q

The peritoneum is divided in what 2 parts? They are separated by?

A

Parietal & visceral peritoneum / peritoneal cavity

204
Q

What does the peritoneal cavity contain?

A

Peritoneal fluid

205
Q

The part of the peritoneum that lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity.

A

The parietal peritoneum

206
Q

This part of the peritoneum covers some of the organs in this cavity and is their serosa.

A

Visceral peritoneum

207
Q

Name the 5 folds of the peritoneum

A

Greater momentum, falciform ligament, lesser momentum, mesentery, mesocolon

208
Q

Tissue is a fatty apron that drapes over the intestines

A

Greater omentum

209
Q

The greater omentum varies in?

A

The amt of adipose tissue it contains.

210
Q

This is the “beer belly” in some individuals

A

Greater omentum

211
Q

The lesser omentum contains these to help fight infection in the digestive tract.

A

Lymph nodes

212
Q

This part of the peritoneum suspends the stomach and first part of the small intestine from the liver

A

Lesser omentum

213
Q

The lesser omentum also contains these to help fight infection in the GI tract

A

Lymph nodes

214
Q

This part of the peritoneum binds the intestines to the posterior abdominal wall

A

Mesentery and mesocolon

215
Q

The mesentery and mesocolon contain? (3)

A

Blood, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes.

216
Q

This part of the peritoneum attaches the liver to the anterior part of the abdominal wall and diaphragm

A

Falciform ligament

217
Q

The mouth is also called? Aka?

A

Oral cavity or buccaneer cavity

218
Q

The oral cavity is formed by the? (4)

A

Cheeks, tongue, hard palate, soft palate

219
Q

This is the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth. It is formed by the maxillae and palatine bones and separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity.

A

Hard palate

220
Q

This forms the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth and is primary muscle.

A

Soft palate.

221
Q

This, along with the soft palate, close off the nasopharynx during swallowing.

A

Uvula

222
Q

This is the opening between the oral cavity and the oropharynx

A

Fauces

223
Q

These release saliva into the oral cavity.

A

Salivary glands

224
Q

This helps keep the mucus membrane lining of the mouth and pharynx moist and help to cleanse the mouth and teeth.

A

Saliva

225
Q

What 4 things happen when food enters the mouth?

A

Secretion of saliva increases, it lubricates, dissolves, and begins the chemical breakdown of food.

226
Q

Name the 3 major salivary glands

A

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual glands

227
Q

These salivary glands are located in the cheek near the ears

A

Parotid glands

228
Q

These salivary glands are located in the floor of the mouth near the mandible

A

Submandibular glands

229
Q

These salivary glands are located beneath the tongue and superior to the submandibular glands

A

Sublingual glands

230
Q

Is saliva acidic or non acidic? What is its pH?

A

Slightly acidic (pH 6.35 - 6.85)

231
Q

What makes up saliva?

A

99.5% water and 0.5% splinted

232
Q

What are the 0.5% solutes that make up saliva? (7)

A

Ions, mucus, lgA, the enzymes lysozyme and salivary amylase, and the wastes urea and uric acid

233
Q

What enzyme kills some bacteria within the mouth?

A

Lysozyme

234
Q

Salivary amylase acts on?

A

Starch

235
Q

what is the secretion of saliva called?

A

salivation

236
Q

salivation is controlled by?

A

the autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic stimulation)

237
Q

how much saliva is secreted each day?

A

1-1.5 liters

238
Q

what two things can cause salivation?

A

the chemicals in food and the smell, sight, or thought of food.

239
Q

this is a speciic viral infection of the salivary glands usually the parotid gland.

A

mumps

240
Q

This is an accessory digestive organ composed of skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane.

A

Tongue

241
Q

This form the floor of the oral cavity and is attached to the hyoid bone, the styloid process of the temporal bone, and the mandible.

A

The tongue

242
Q

The tongue helps maneuver food for chewing and shape it into a rounded mass called?

A

A bolus

243
Q

The tongue is also involved in?

A

speech and swallowing

244
Q

This is a fold of mucous membrane underneath the tongue which attaches it to the floor of the mouth and limits its movement posteriorly.

A

lingual frenulum

245
Q

The upper and lateral surfaces of the tongue are covered with? Many of these contain taste buds which are the receptors for?

A

papillae / gustation (taste)

246
Q

These are accessory digestive organs anchoroed (by ligaments) in the sockets of the alveolar processes of the mandible and maxillae.

A

teeth

247
Q

These cover the alveolar processes (teeth)

A

gingivae (gums)

248
Q

The teeth are composed of this internally and this externally? Both of these substances are harder than bone because?

A

dentin & enamel / because of their higher content of calcium mineral salts

249
Q

What two sets of teeth do humans have in their lifetime? How many of each?

A

deciduous (baby) - 20 and permanent - 32

250
Q

Where does digestion begin?

A

The mouth

251
Q

This type of digestion results from mastication, or chewing, and a bolus is formed.

A

Mechanical digestion

252
Q

During this type of digestion, the water in saliva dissolves the food somewhat so enzymes can react with it during?

A

chemical digestion

253
Q

Salivary amylase begins the breakdown of this into smaller molecules

A

starch

254
Q

Starch is a?

A

polysaccharide

255
Q

This is a muscular tube that extends from behind the nasal cavity to the esophagus and larynx

A

pharynx

256
Q

Name the order of the passage of food (4)

A

mouth, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, esophagus

257
Q

This is a muscular tube that extends from the interior laryngopharynx to the stomach.

A

esophagus

258
Q

The esophagus pierces the diaphragm through an opening called?

A

the esophageal hiatus

259
Q

This is composed of skeletal muscle and regulates the movement of food from the pharynx into the esophagus.

A

The upper esophageal sphincter

260
Q

This is composed of smooth muscle and regulates the movement of food from the esophagus into the stomach.

A

lower esophageal sphincter

261
Q

What does the esophagus secrete?

A

mucus

262
Q

The esophagus transport food into?

A

The stomach

263
Q

The esophagus does not produce any of this? It does not carry out what function?

A

digestive enzymes / absorption

264
Q

This is the act of swallowing

A

deglutition

265
Q

Where is the deglutition center contained?

A

the medulla oblongata

266
Q

name the 3 stages of swallowing

A

voluntary, pharyngeal, and esophageal stage

267
Q

During this stage of swallowing, the bolus passes from the mouth into the oropharynx.

A

Voluntary stage.

268
Q

Is the voluntary stage of swallowing involuntary or voluntary?

A

voluntary

269
Q

During this stage of swallowing, the bolus passes through the pharynx to the esophagus.

A

Pharyngeal stage

270
Q

Is the pharyngeal stage of swallowing involuntary or voluntary?

A

involuntary

271
Q

During this stage of swallowing, the bolus moves to the stomach by peristalsis.

A

Esophageal stage

272
Q

Is the esophageal stage voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary

273
Q

This is the successive muscular contractions in the walls of the esophagus

A

peristalsis

274
Q

This is a j-shaped enlargement of the digestive tract

A

the stomach

275
Q

this is located on the left side of the abdomen beneath the diaphragm

A

the stomach

276
Q

what connects the esophagus to the small intestine?

A

the stomach

277
Q

This mixes the food and holds it temporarily until the small intestine is ready to receive it.

A

The stomach

278
Q

Digestion of this continues in the stomach? Digestion of what beings?

A

starch / proteins and triglycerides

279
Q

In the stomach, the semisolid bolus is converted into? What is absorbed?

A

Chyme / various substances.

280
Q

Name the 4 regions of the stomach.

A

Cardia, Fundus, Body, Pylorus

281
Q

this part of the stomach surrounds the opening into the stomach from the esophagus

A

cardia

282
Q

this is the rounded superior portion of the stomach

A

fundus

283
Q

this is the large central portion of the stomach

A

body

284
Q

This part of the stomach connects to the duodenum of the small intestine

A

pylorus

285
Q

The first part of the small intestine

A

duodenum

286
Q

These are folds of the mucosa layer of the stomach

A

rugae

287
Q

This part of the stomach is a ring of smooth muscle between the pylorus and the duodenum of the small intestine

A

pyloric sphincter

288
Q

The stomach normally remains closed, but allows small amounts of partially digested food into the duodenum, a little at a time, during a process called?

A

gastric emptying

A & P II (12 decks)

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