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A & P II > Chapter 18 - The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 18 - The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

The endocrine system acts with what other system to control all body systems?

A

Nervous system

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2
Q

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine takes longer to? The effects, however, last _______ and influence what?

A

Cause a response / longer, a broader area of the body

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3
Q

The endocrine system releases these chemical substances that enter the bloodstream and travel to target cells where they exert effects by binding to receptor sites.

A

Hormones

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4
Q

The endocrine system consists of these ductless glands that release hormones.

A

Endocrine glands

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5
Q

The endocrine system consists of? (2)

A

Endocrine glands & several other organs and tissues that contains cells that secrete hormones.

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6
Q

Name the endocrine glands (5)

A

Pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands

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7
Q

Glands that are not classified as endocrine glands, but they still secrete hormones (13)

A

Hypothalamus, ovaries, testes, kidneys, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, thymus, heart, skin, adipose tissue, placenta

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8
Q

Hormones help to regulate? (5)

A

CHEMICAL composition and VOLUME of body fluids, metabolism and energy BALANCE, CONTRACTION of smooth and cardiac muscle fibers, SECRETION of glands, some IMMUNE system activities

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9
Q

Name 3 functions of hormones.

A

CONTROL growth and development, REGULATE operation of the reproductive system, help establish CIRCADIAN rhythms

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10
Q

How do hormones influence their target cells?

A

By binding to their receptors (typically protein)

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11
Q

Most target cells have how many receptors for a specific hormone?

A

2,000 - 100,000

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12
Q

If a hormone is prevented from binding with a receptor, what happens?

A

It cannot carry out its normal function.

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13
Q

What eventually happens to most hormones?

A

They are inactivated by the liver and excreted by the kidneys.

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14
Q

Most of these types of hormones are attached to transport proteins which make the hormones water-soluble long enough to circulate to the target cells.

A

Lipid-soluble hormones

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15
Q

Where are the receptors for lipid-soluble hormones located?

A

Inside of the target cells

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16
Q

These types of hormones circulate freely in the blood plasma.

A

Water-soluble

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17
Q

Example of a water soluble hormone.

A

Insulin

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18
Q

Where are receptors for water-soluble hormones located?

A

In the plasma membrane of target cells

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19
Q

Hormone secretion is regulated by what 3 things?

A

SIGNALS from the nervous system, CHEMICAL CHANGES in the blood, OTHER hormones

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20
Q

What is the main link between the nervous and endocrine systems?

A

The hypothalamus

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21
Q

What is the master endocrine gland?

A

The pituitary gland

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22
Q

What is the pituitary gland attached to?

A

The hypothalamus

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23
Q

The pituitary gland secretes hormones that do what?

A

Regulate other endocrine glands.

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24
Q

The pituitary gland consists of two of these? They are called?

A

Lobes / a large anterior and smaller posterior

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25
Q

The hypothalamus produces and releases these two types of hormones?

A

Releasing and inhibiting hormones

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26
Q

Releasing hormones cause the pituitary gland to?

A

Release hormones

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27
Q

Inhibiting hormones does what to the pituitary gland?

A

Suppresses the release of pituitary hormones

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28
Q

This hormone stimulates growth of body tissues.

A

Human growth hormone (hGH)

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29
Q

This hormone stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones.

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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30
Q

These hormone stimulates the ovaries and testes.

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

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31
Q

This hormone helps stimulate milk secretion by the mammary glands in females and has an unknown function in males.

A

Prolactin (PRL)

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32
Q

This hormone influences the production and secretion of certain hormones of the adrenal cortex.

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

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33
Q

This hormone may cause darkening of the skin; its exact role in humans is unknown.

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

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34
Q

While the posterior pituitary gland does not synthesize hormones, it does store and release what two hormones?

A

Oxytocin (OT) & antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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35
Q

This hormone that is produced in the hypothalamus and stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland stimulates contractions of the uterus in pregnant females and the ejection of milk.

A

Oxytocin (OT)

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36
Q

The synthetic form of this hormone is sometimes given to induce labor.

A

Synthetic OT (Pitocin)

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37
Q

This hormone is stored in the posterior pituitary gland and conserves body water, decreases urine volume and perspiration, and increases blood pressure.

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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38
Q

Endocrine system disorders often involve?

A

Inadequate release of a hormone (hyposecretion) or excessive release of a hormone (hypersecretion)

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39
Q

This is the inadequate release of a hormone.

A

Hyposecretion

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40
Q

This is the excessive release of a hormone.

A

Hypersecretion

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41
Q

When there is an endocrine system disorder, sometimes the problem involves?

A

The hormone receptors

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42
Q

This hormone indirectly causes body cells to grow and multiply. For example, increased growth of bones and muscles during childhood and teenage years, maintenance of bones and muscles and healing/repair of tissues during adulthood.

A

Human growth hormone (hGH)

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43
Q

This hormone causes a decrease in the breakdown of proteins for energy, but an increase in the breakdown of lipids.

A

Human growth hormone (hGH)

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44
Q

This hormone helps to keep blood glucose levels at a proper level.

A

Human growth hormone (hGH)

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45
Q

This is caused by the secretion of too little hGH. The body fails to grow to an adult size.

A

Pituitary dwarfism

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46
Q

This is caused by the secretion of too much hGH during childhood. The long bones increase in length so the individual grows to be very tall.

A

Giantism

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47
Q

In giantism, body proportions are?

A

Normal

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48
Q

This is a butterfly-shaped gland located below the larynx (voice box) on the anterior portion of the trachea (windpipe).

A

Thyroid gland

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49
Q

These gland is highly vascularized.

A

Thyroid & adrenal glands

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50
Q

The thyroid gland produces what 3 hormones?

A

Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), calcitonin (CT)

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51
Q

This hormone produced by the thyroid gland contains 4 atoms of iodine and is lipid soluble.

A

Thyroxine (T4)

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52
Q

This hormone produced by the thyroid gland contains 3 atoms of iodine and is lipid-soluble.

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

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53
Q

T3 and T4 exert effects where in the body? H is this made possible?

A

Throughout the body / most body cells have receptors for these hormones

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54
Q

T3 and T4 hormones regulate what 3 things?

A

BASAL metabolic rate, CELLULAR metabolism, and GROWTH and development

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55
Q

Calcitonin does what to blood calcium levels? It achieves this?

A

Lowers / decreases bone breakdown by increasing bone building by inhibiting osteoclasts and stimulating osteoblasts.

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56
Q

These disorders are among the most common endocrine disorders

A

Thyroid gland

57
Q

Symptoms of this thyroid disorder include edema, a slow metabolism (slow heart rate and low body temperature), a tendency to gain weight easily, sensitivity to cold, dry hair and skin, muscular weakness and lethargy

A

Hypothyroidism

58
Q

Symptoms of this thyroid disorder may include enlarged thyroid gland, bulging eyes, increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, agitation, and weight loss.

A

Hyperthyroidism

59
Q

True or False: hypothyroidism is more common in males than females?

A

False

60
Q

True or False: hyperthyroidism is more common in females than males?

A

True

61
Q

The parathyroid glands consist of how many glands?

A

4

62
Q

The parathyroid glands are attached where?

A

To the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

63
Q

Parathyroid glands produce what hormone?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

64
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) works opposite of?

A

Calcitonin

65
Q

How does parathyroid hormone work opposite of calcitonin?

A

It increase blood calcium levels, decreases bone building, and increases bone breakdown. It inhibits osteoblasts and stimulates osteoclasts.

66
Q

The glands are paired and are superior to each kidney.

A

Adrenal glands

67
Q

This is the outermost portion of the adrenal glands. This is the inner portion.

A

Adrenal cortex / adrenal medulla

68
Q

The adrenal medulla secretes what hormones?

A

Epinephrine & nonrepinephrine

69
Q

The adrenal cortex secretes what hormones?

A

Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens

70
Q

This hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex affects mineral homeostasis

A

Mineralocorticoids

71
Q

This hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex effects glucose homeostasis.

A

Glucocorticoids

72
Q

An example of mineralocorticoids is?

A

Aldosterone

73
Q

An example of glucocorticoids is?

A

Cortisol

74
Q

This hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex is a steroid hormone that has masculinizing effects

A

Androgens

75
Q

When are epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted?

A

When the adrenal medulla is stimulated by the sympathetic division of the ANS

76
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine enhance?

A

The “fight or flight” responses (increase heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, etc).

77
Q

This hormone secreted by the adrenal glands help in fluid and electrolyte balance. Mainly sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions and water.

A

Aldosterone

78
Q

This hormone secreted by the adrenal glands helpsto reduce inflammation and the body’s immune responses.

A

Cortisol

79
Q

This hormone secreted by the adrenal glands stimulates glucogenesis n increases the breakdown of proteins and lipids.

A

Cortisol

80
Q

This process involves the conversion of non-carbohydrate substances (substances other than glycogen or another monosaccharide) into glucose which can be used for energy.

A

Glucogenesis

81
Q

Androgens are secreted by the adrenal cortex in which sex?

A

Both male and female

82
Q

This is an androgen produced within the testes in males

A

Testosterone

83
Q

What does androgens contribute to in females?

A

Sex drive

84
Q

This is a flattened organ that measure about 4-5.6 inches in length and is located in the curve of the duodenum.

A

Pancreas

85
Q

Most of the cells of the pancreas produce these which are carried by ducts to the gastrointestinal tract.

A

Digestive enzymes

86
Q

These are clusters of cells that produce hormones n the pancreas.

A

Pancreatic islets/Islets of Langerhans

87
Q

This portion of the pancreas is considered a part of the endocrine system.

A

Pancreatic islets/Islets of Langerhans

88
Q

The primary hormones secreted by the pancreas are?

A

Insulin and glucagon

89
Q

This hormone raises blood glucose levels.

A

Glucagon

90
Q

This hormone lowers blood glucose levels.

A

Insulin

91
Q

Glucagon targets the cells of the liver causing them to convert glycogen into?

A

Glucose

92
Q

After glycogen is converted into glucose, it is released where? This causes?

A

Blood / glucose levels to rise

93
Q

This is low blood glucose levels

A

Hypoglycemia

94
Q

Hypoglycemia stimulates?

A

Secretion of glucagon

95
Q

High blood glucose levels.

A

Hyperglycemia

96
Q

High blood glucose levels do what?

A

They inhibit the release of glucagon and stimulates the release of insulin.

97
Q

Insulin acts on various body cells which causes?

A

An increase in the rate at which glucose moves into cells by facilitated diffusion

98
Q

Most glucose that enters the liver is converted into?

A

Glycogen

99
Q

After glucose enters the liver and is converted into glycogen, what happens?

A

Blood glucose levels decrease

100
Q

The primary hormone produced by the ovaries are the steroid hormones?

A

Estrogen & progesterone

101
Q

Examples of lipid-soluble hormones

A

Steroid and thyroid hormones

102
Q

These hormones regulate the menstrual cycle, control development of feminine secondary sex characteristic, maintain pregnancy, and prepare the mammary glands for milk production and secretion.

A

Estrogen, progesterone, FSH, and LH

103
Q

This is the main hormone produced and secreted by the testes.

A

testosteron

104
Q

This hormone regulates the production of sperm and controls development of masculine secondary sex characteristic.

A

testosterone

105
Q

This is a small endocrine gland attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain.

A

Pineal gland

106
Q

The pineal gland secretes what hormone?

A

melatonin

107
Q

Melatonin is derived from?

A

Serotonin

108
Q

More melatonin is released when?

A

During sleep and in darkness

109
Q

Melatonin is thought to contribute to?

A

setting the body’s biological clock.

110
Q

This is a type of depression that affects some individuals during the winter months, when the day length is short.

A

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

111
Q

What is thought to be the cause of seasonal affective disorder?

A

overproduction of melatonin

112
Q

What can be used to help relieve seasonal affective disorder?

A

exposure to sunlight or artificial light as bright as sunlight

113
Q

This is located behind the sternum between the lungs.

A

Thymus

114
Q

The thymus secretes several hormones involved in?

A

immunity

115
Q

What is one of the causes of muscle atrophy that accompanies aging?

A

hGH production by the anterior pituitary gland decreases

116
Q

As humans age, a decrease in metabolic rate, an increase in body fat. and hypothyroidism is cause by?

A

The decrease in the production of thyroid hormones

117
Q

During aging of the human body, what can lead to a decrease in bone mass and possibly osteoporosis?

A

parathyroid hormone levels ride and calcitonin levels fall

118
Q

What happens to the insulin production by the pancreas as we age?

A

It slows

119
Q

As we age, what happens to the sensitivity of receptors to glucose?

A

they decline

120
Q

In older people, what happens to blood glucose levels?

A

They increase faster and return to normal slower.

121
Q

These hormones regulate the menstrual cycle, control development of feminine secondary sex characteristic, maintain pregnancy, and prepare the mammary glands for milk production and secretion.

A

Estrogen, progesterone, FSH, and LH

122
Q

This is the main hormone produced and secreted by the testes.

A

testosteron

123
Q

This hormone regulates the production of sperm and controls development of masculine secondary sex characteristic.

A

testosterone

124
Q

This is a small endocrine gland attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain.

A

Pineal gland

125
Q

The pineal gland secretes what hormone?

A

melatonin

126
Q

Melatonin is derived from?

A

Serotonin

127
Q

More melatonin is released when?

A

During sleep and in darkness

128
Q

Melatonin is thought to contribute to?

A

setting the body’s biological clock.

129
Q

This is a type of depression that affects some individuals during the winter months, when the day length is short.

A

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

130
Q

What is thought to be the cause of seasonal affective disorder?

A

overproduction of melatonin

131
Q

What can be used to help relieve seasonal affective disorder?

A

exposure to sunlight or artificial light as bright as sunlight

132
Q

This is located behind the sternum between the lungs.

A

Thymus

133
Q

The thymus secretes several hormones involved in?

A

immunity

134
Q

What is one of the causes of muscle atrophy that accompanies aging?

A

hGH production by the anterior pituitary gland decreases

135
Q

As humans age, a decrease in metabolic rate, an increase in body fat. and hypothyroidism is cause by?

A

The decrease in the production of thyroid hormones

136
Q

During aging of the human body, what can lead to a decrease in bone mass and possibly osteoporosis?

A

parathyroid hormone levels ride and calcitonin levels fall

137
Q

What happens to the insulin production by the pancreas as we age?

A

It slows

138
Q

As we age, what happens to the sensitivity of receptors to glucose?

A

they decline

139
Q

In older people, what happens to blood glucose levels?

A

They increase faster and return to normal slower.

A & P II (12 decks)

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