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Biology 112 > Chapter 29 > Flashcards

Chapter 29 Flashcards

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1
Q

Q: What symmetry do adult echinoderms exhibit?

A

A: Pentaradial symmetry.

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2
Q

Q: Do echinoderms have a head or brain?

A

A: No, they lack both.

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3
Q

Q: What symmetry do echinoderm larvae exhibit?

A

A: Bilateral symmetry.

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4
Q

Q: What is the internal skeleton of echinoderms made of?

A

A: Calcium carbonate plates and spines.

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5
Q

Q: What unique system do echinoderms use for movement?

A

A: Water-vascular system with tube feet.

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6
Q

Q: What is the function of the tube feet in echinoderms?

A

A: Locomotion and feeding.

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7
Q

Q: Name an example of a predatory echinoderm.

A

A: Sea stars (starfish).

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8
Q

Q: Name two examples of echinoderms that are herbivores or detritivores.

A

A: Sea urchins and sand dollars.

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9
Q

Q: What structure is derived from tube feet in sea cucumbers?

A

A: Tentacles.

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10
Q

Q: What are the five key chordate characteristics?

A

A: Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail, endostyle/thyroid.

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11
Q

Q: What is the function of the notochord?

A

A: Provides skeletal support and works with muscles for locomotion.

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12
Q

Q: From which embryonic layer does the dorsal nerve cord form?

A

A: Ectoderm.

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13
Q

Q: What is the ancestral function of pharyngeal slits?

A

A: Filter-feeding and gas exchange.

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14
Q

Q: What is the function of the muscular post-anal tail?

A

A: Locomotion.

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15
Q

Q: What is the endostyle a precursor to?

A

A: The thyroid gland.

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16
Q

Q: What group do lancelets belong to?

A

A: Cephalochordata.

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17
Q

Q: How do lancelets feed?

A

A: Filter-feeding by cilia in the pharynx.

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18
Q

Q: What group do tunicates belong to?

A

A: Urochordata.

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19
Q

Q: How do adult tunicates feed?

A

A: Suspension feeding with pharyngeal slits.

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20
Q

Q: Which chordate stage has all five key characteristics?

A

A: The swimming larval stage of tunicates.

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21
Q

Q: What are vertebrae made of?

A

A: Cartilage and/or bone.

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22
Q

Q: What structure typically replaces the notochord in vertebrates?

A

A: The vertebral column (spine).

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23
Q

Q: What protects the brain in vertebrates?

A

A: The cranium (skull).

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24
Q

Q: How many heart chambers do vertebrates typically have?

A

A: 2–4 chambers with valves.

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25
Q: What molecule carries oxygen in vertebrate blood?
A: Hemoglobin.
26
Q: What supports the gill slits in vertebrates?
A: Gill arches or rods.
27
Q: Name two living examples of jawless vertebrates.
A: Hagfish and lampreys.
28
Q: What defensive adaptation is hagfish famous for?
A: Producing slime.
29
Q: What distinguishes gnathostomes from earlier vertebrates?
A: Hinged jaws derived from gill slit supports.
30
Q: What type of skeleton do gnathostomes have?
A: Mineralized skeletons.
31
Q: What feature detects water pressure changes in aquatic gnathostomes?
A: The lateral line system.
32
Q: How do gnathostome gills maximize oxygen uptake?
A: Through countercurrent exchange.
33
Q: How do marine bony fish maintain osmotic balance?
A: By drinking seawater and excreting salt.
34
Q: How do freshwater bony fish maintain osmotic balance?
A: By excreting large amounts of dilute urine and actively taking in salts.
35
Q: What is the skeleton of Chondrichthyes made of?
A: Cartilage.
36
Q: What adaptation raises buoyancy in sharks?
A: Large liver with oils and active swimming.
37
Q: How do Chondrichthyes reproduce?
A: Internal fertilization.
38
Q: What is oviparity?
A: Laying eggs that hatch outside the mother's body.
39
Q: What is ovoviviparity?
A: Eggs develop inside the mother but are nourished by yolk, not mother.
40
Q: What is viviparity?
A: Young are nourished by the mother's tissue and born live.
41
Q: What are examples of Chondrichthyes?
A: Sharks, rays, skates, and sawfish.
42
Q: What major group includes bony fish?
A: Osteichthyes.
43
Q: What was the original function of lungs in early bony fish?
A: Breathing air in low-oxygen freshwater.
44
Q: What structure evolved from lungs in most bony fish?
A: The swim bladder.
45
Q: What covers and protects the gills in bony fish?
A: The operculum.
46
Q: How do most bony fish reproduce?
A: External fertilization with jelly-coated eggs.
47
Q: What are Actinopterygii?
A: Ray-finned fishes.
48
Q: What is the main skeletal difference between ray-finned and lobe-finned fishes?
A: Lobe-fins have bones and muscles supporting their fins.
49
Q: What group are coelacanths part of?
A: Actinistia.
50
Q: What group are lungfish part of?
A: Dipnoi.
51
Q: How do lungfish survive in stagnant or dry conditions?
A: By breathing air through lungs.
52
Q: What evolutionary group gave rise to tetrapods?
A: Lobe-finned fish.
53
Q: What key feature defines tetrapods?
A: Four limbs with wrists and digits.
54
Q: What fossil shows intermediate features between fish and tetrapods?
A: Tiktaalik.
55
Q: What were early tetrapods' ties to water like?
A: They required freshwater for life and reproduction.
56
Q: How many digits do modern tetrapods usually have?
A: Five.
57
Q: What is a defining feature of amphibians?
A: Thin, moist skin used for gas exchange.
58
Q: What circulatory system do amphibians have?
A: Three-chambered heart with dual circulation.
59
What kind of symmetry do adult echinoderms have?
Pentaradial symmetry
60
What structure do echinoderms use for movement and feeding
Tube Feet
61
What skeletal material is found in echinoderms?
Calcium carbonate endoskeleton (not true bone)
62
What developmental trait classifies echinoderms as deuterostomes?
The blastopore develops into the anus
63
What structure is used by echinoderms to regulate water intake?
Madreporite
64
What is the function of the coelom in echinoderms?
Distributes nutrients and facilitates gas exchange
65
Which chordate features are present in all chordates at some life stage?
Notochord
66
What embryonic tissue layer forms the dorsal hollow nerve cord in chordates?
Ectoderm
67
What is the role of the notochord in chordates?
Acts as a flexible rod for body support and muscle attachment
68
Which basal chordates retain all chordate characteristics into adulthood?
Lancelets (Cephalochordata)
69
What is unique about the tunicates (urochordates) that makes them chordates?
Their larval stage has all chordate features including a notochord and post-anal tail
70
What is the tunic of tunicates made from and why is it unusual?
Cellulose, unusual because cellulose is typically found in plants, not animals.
71
What derived characteristic defines vertebrates?
Vertebrae (cartilage or bone) that enclose the spinal cord
72
In vertebrates what typically replaces the notochord as the main body support?
vertebral column (spine)
73
What are the two living groups of jawless vertebrates?
Hagfish (Myxini) and lampreys (Petromyzontida)
74
What defensive mechanism is the hagfish known for?
Producing thick mucus/slime when threatened
75
How do lampreys feed?
As parasites

Biology 112 (4 decks)

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