Chapter 29 - Fetal Genitourinary System Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
A membrane that is present during early embryonic development that contributes to urinary bladder formation and development
A
Allantois
2
Q
A way in which a disorder or trait can be inherited by a fetus; at least one of the parents has to be the carrier of the gene for the disease
A
Autosomal dominant
3
Q
A birth defect in which the sex of the fetus cannot be determine
A
Ambigious Genitalia
4
Q
An inherited disease that results in the development of renal, liver, and pancreatic cysts later on in life; also referred to as adult polycystic kidney disease
A
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
5
Q
A way in which a disorder or trait can be inherited by a fetus; both parents must be carriers of the gene for the diseas
A
Autosomal Recessive
6
Q
An inherited renal disease that results in bilateral enlargement of the fetal kidneys and microscopic renal cysts; also referred to as infantile polycystic kidney disease
A
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
7
Q
A birth defect in which the bladder is located outside of the abdomen
A
Bladder Exstrophy
8
Q
Dilation of the calices
A
Caliectasis
9
Q
Enlargement of the clitoris
A
Clitromegaly
10
Q
The embryonic structure that develops into the normal rectum and urogenital sinus
A
CloacA
11
Q
Q
Birth defect consisting of omphalocele, bladder exstrophy, imperforate anus, and spina bifida; also referred to as OEIS complex
A
Cloacal Exstrophy
12
Q
Enlargement of an organ secondary to an increased workload; often seen when part of the has been destroyed or when there is an absence or decreased function of paired organs
A
Compensatory Hypertrophy
13
Q
The attachment of the lower poles of the kidneys by a band of renal tissue that crosses the midline of the abdomen
A
Horseshoe kidneys
14
Q
Q
A fluid collection within the scrotum between the two layers of the tunica vaginalis
A
Hydrocele
15
Q
The dilation of the renal collecting system resulting from the obstruction of the flow of urine from the kidneys to the bladder
A
Hydronephrosis
16
Q
Q
Distention of the ureter with fluid because of an obstruction
A
Hydrouterter
17
Q
Abnormal ventral curvature of the penis as a result of a shortened urethra that exits on the ventral penile shaft
A
Hypospadias
18
Q
The sonographic appearance of a dilated fetal bladder and urethra in the presence of bladder outlet obstruction
A
“Keyhole sign”
19
Q
The sonographic appearance of the adrenal gland in a parallel position within the abdomen as a result of renal agenesis
A
“Lying down Sign”
20
Q
Fetal syndrome associated with microcephaly, occipital encephalocele, polydactyly, and polycystic kidneys
A
Meckel-Gruber Syndrome
21
Q
An abnormally enlarged urinary bladder
A
Megacystitis
22
Q
An enlarged ureter; can be congenital or acquired
A
Megaureter
23
Q
The most common solid fetal renal mass
A
Mesoblastic Nephroma
24
Q
An abnormally small penis
A
Micropenis
25
A fetal renal disease thought to be caused by an early renal obstruction; leads to the development of multiple noncommunicating cysts of varying sizes in the renal fossa
Multicystic Displastic Kidney Disease
26
Malignant tumor that can occur within the adrenal gland anywhere within the sympathetic nervous system
Nueroblastomac
27
A fetal disorder caused by an early renal obstruction; leads to small and echogenic kidneys that have cysts located along their margins
Obstructive Cystic Dysplasia
28
Q
Dilation of the renal pelvis; may also be referred to as pyelectasis
Pelviectasis
29
The region between the external genitalia and the anus
Perineum
30
Irregular thin membranes of tissue located within the male posterior urethra that does not allow urine to exit the urethra
Posterior ureteral valves
31
Facial features seen with severe oligohydroamnios, including low set ears, flattened nose wrinkled skin, and micrognathia
Potter Facies
32
Physical features of a fetus as a result of oligohydroamnios; characterized by bilateral renal agenesis, abnormal facies, pulmonary hypoplasia, and limb abnormalities; also referred to a Potter sequence
Potter syndrome
33
Syndrome that is a consequence of the abdominal wall musculature being stretched by the extremely enlarged urinary bladder
Prune Belly syndrome
34
Underdevelopment of the lungs
Pulmonary Hypoplasia
35
Failure of the kidney to develop; may be unilateral or bilateral
Renal agencies
36
The part of the collecting system that encompasses the apex of the renal pyramids
Renal Calices
37
Refers to an abnormal location of the kidneys
Renal Ectopia
38
The region where the kidney is located the abdomen
Renal Fossa
39
Measurement of the fetal renal pelvis; this dimension is obtained from the transverse kidney plane
Renal pelvic Diameter
40
Canal connecting the fetal bladder with the allantois; normally closes during fetal development and becomes a fibrous cord
Urachus
41
Q
An abnormailty in which the distal ureter projects into the urinary bladder
Ureterocele
42
An obstruction located in the region where the ureter meets the renal pelvis
Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction
43
An obstruction located in the region where the ureter meets the bladder
URETEROVESICULAR JUNCTION OBSTRUCTION
44
Q
The congenital absence of the urethra
URETHRAL ATRESIA
45
the fetal kidneys develop within the pelvis and ascend into their normal position by ____ weeks
9
46
ectopic kidney found in the pelvis
PELVIC KIDNEY
47
kidneys that are attached at their lower poles
HORSESHOE KIDNEY
48
the ________ is located between the apex of the bladder and the umbilicus
URACHUS
49
the testicles move down into the scrotum during the ____ month of gestation
7TH MONTH
50
the fetal urinary bladder normally fills and empties once in every:
30-45 MINS
51
VACTERL stands for
vertebral anomalies, anal atresia, cardiac anomalies, tracheoesophageal fistula or esophageal atresia, renal anomalies, and limb anomalies
(association of 3 or more anomalies)
52
VACTERL may also be referred to as:
VATER sequence, VATER, or VACTEL syndrome
53
_________ abnormalities are the most frequent cause of oligohydramnios. if oligohydramnios is discovered, an analysis of the fetal _______ is warranted
RENAL
URINARY TRACT
54
during fetal development, around ___ weeks, the fetal kidneys begin to produce urine
9
55
Urine comprises the greater part of amniotic fluid after ___ weeks?
14
56
the most worrisome consequence of oligohydramnios is _________ or underdevelopment of the lungs
PULMONARY HYPOPLASIA
57
when the kidney is absent in the abdomen, the adrenal gland can be noted in a parallel, flattened position, a sonographic finding known as the:
"lying down" adrenal sign
58
bilateral renal agenesis, also known as ______ is a fatal condition.
POTTER SYNDROME
59
bilateral renal agenesis may be seen in conjunction with ________ and various cardiovascular malformations
SIRENOMELIA
60
unilateral renal agenesis is ______ common than bilateral renal agenesis. there is an average amount of amniotic fluid and the prognosis is good
MORE
**(always check fetal pelvis for a pelvic kidney)
61
features of potter syndrome: (5)
-bilateral renal agenesis
- abnormal facial features (potter facies)
- pulmonary hypoplasia
- limb abnormalities
- intrauterine growth restriction
62
in the presence of unilateral renal agenesis, the contralateral kidney will enlarge, a condition known as:
compensatory hypertrophy
63
sonographic findings of bilateral renal agenesis: (5)
1. absent kidneys
2. absent urinary bladder
3. severe oligohydramnios or anhydramnios
4. bilateral lying down adrenal signs
5. undetectable renal artery branches w/ color
64
sonographic findings of unilateral renal agenesis: (6)
1. absent kidney
2. hypertrophy of the contralateral kidney
3. visible urinary bladder
4. normal amniotic fluid volume
5. unilateral laying down adrenal sign
6. undetectable renal artery branch with color doppler (unilateral)
65
in order for an autosomal recessive disease to be passed to the fetus,...
both parents must be carriers of the disease
66
in order to an autosomal dominant disease to be passed to the fetus,.
only one of the parents has to be the carrier
67
autosomal dominant disorders tend to be _____ severe than recessive disorders
LESS
68
__ would be the most likely cause of enlarged, echogenic kidneys noted in utero
ARPKD
(autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease)
69
one condition associated with ARPKD is ________, which is a fatal disorder that includes renal cystic disease, occipital encephalocele, and polydactyly
MECKEL GRUBER SYNDROME
70
the cysts with ARPKD are:
MICROSCOPIC
71
sonographic findings of autosomal recessive (infantile) polycystic kidney disease): (3)
1. bilateral, enlarged echogenic kidneys
2. absent urinary bladder
3. oligohydramnios
72
_________ does not typically manifest until approximately the fourth or fifth decade of life
ADPKD
73
sonographic findings of autosomal dominant (adult) polycystic kidney disease: ADPKD (4)
1. normal appearing or bilateral, enlarged echogenic kidneys
2. visible urinary bladder
3. normal amniotic fluid volume
4. cysts do not manifest until 4th/5th decade of life
74
thought to be caused by an early, first trimester obstruction of the ureter:
MCDK
75
MCDK disease is fatal if ________
BILATERAL
76
sonographic findings of bilateral multicystic dysplastic renal disease MCDK: (3)
1. bilateral, smooth walled, noncommunicating cysts of varying sizes located within the renal fossae
2. absent urinary bladder
3. oligohydramnios
77
sonographic findings of unilateral multicystic dysplastic renal disease: (4)
1. unilateral, smooth-walled, noncommunicating cysts of the varying sizes located within the renal fossa
2. hypertrophy of the contralateral kidney
3. visible urinary bladder
4. normal amniotic fluiD VOULME
78
___________, like MCDK disease is caused by an early renal obstruction
obstructive cystic dysplasia
79
a ________, or a severe bladder outlet obstruction, early in gestation, can lead to bilateral obstructive cystic dysplasia, in which case oligohydramnios will be present
URETROCELE
80
unilateral obstructive cystic dysplasia is most often caused by:
pelviureteral junction or vesicoureteral junction obstruction
81
bilateral cystic dysplasia may be associated with:
bilateral cystic dysplasia may be associated with:
82
sonographic findings of bilateral obstructive cystic dysplasia: (5)
small, echogenic kidneys
2. peripheral renal cysts
3. bilateral hydronephrosis
4. thick-walled urinary bladder
5. oligohydramnios
83
________ is the most common fetal abnormality noted during an obstetric sonogram
HYDRONEPHROSIS
84
enlargement of the bladder is called _________ whereas dilation of the ureter may be referred tp as ________ or _________
megacystis
megaureter or hydroureter
85
the measurement of the renal pelvis is made in the anteroposterior plane and should not exceed ___ before 20 weeks or ___ after 20 weeks gestation
7mm
10mm
86
the most common cause of hydronephrosis in the neonate and the most common form of fetal renal obstruction
UPJ OBSTRUCTION
87
UPJ is located at:
LOCATED AT THE RENAL PELVIS AND THE URETER
88
that cause of UPJ obstruction may be due to:
irregular development of the smooth muscle in the area of the UPJ
89
fetal pyelectasis (dilation of renal pelvis) can be s sonographic marker for:
DOWN SYNDROME
90
sonographic findings of ureteropelvic junction obstruction: (3)
1. hydronephrosis
2. normal uterus (nonvisual)
3. normal bladder
91
Describes the condition in which there is a blockage of the flow of urine out of the urinary bladder
bladder outlet obstruction
92
_____ are a common cause of bladder outlet obstructions in male fetuses
posterior urethral valves
93
the "____" sing is seen when there is dilation of the urinary bladder & the posterior urethra
Keyhole
94
sonographic findings of posterior urethral valves (5)
1. keyhole sign
bilateral hydrouter
3. bilateral hydronephrosis
4. oligohydramnios
5. thickened bladder wall
95
Caused by megacystis, a massively dilated urinary, seen mostly in make fetuses which leads to bladder outlet obstruction
prune belly syndrome
96
prune belly syndrome describes the result of
the abdominal wall musculature being stretched by the extremely enlarged urinary bladder
97
sonographic findings of prune belly syndrome (4)
1. dilated bladder and possibly urethra (keyhole)
2. absent abdominal musculature
3. undescended testis
4. megacystis & hydronephrosis
98
the obstruction that has the least common cause of hydronephrosis in the fetus:
UVJ obstruction
99
unilateral UVJ obstructions lead to:
bilateral UVJ obtructions lead to:
normal amounts of amniotic fluid
oligohydramnios
100
sonographic findings of ureterovesicular junction obstruction: (4)
1. hydronephrosis
2. dilated ureter
3. normal bladder
4. normal amniotic fluid (if unilateral)
101
the ______ is the embryonic structure that develops into the rectum and urogenital sinus. can result in the combination of the urinary, genitals, and intestinal tract, emptying on the perineum
cloaca
102
with _______, there is an omphalocele, bladder exstrophy, imperforate anus, and spina bifida
cloacal exstrophy aka OEIS complex
103
sonography findings of bladder exstrophy: (3)
.1. lower abdominal wall mass inferior to the umbilicus
2. absent urinary bladder
3. normal kidneys
104
the most common solid fetal renal mass is the:
mesoblastic nephroma (hamartoma of the kidney)
105
sonographic findings of the mesoblastic nephroma: (1)
1. solid, homogenous mass within the renal fossa and may completely replace the kidney
106
Sperm carries what chromosome?
Ovary always contributes what chromsome?
X or a Y
X
107
an X chromosome from the sperm will yield ____, which is female offspring
XX
108
an X chromosome from the sperm will yield ____, which is female offspring
XX
109
the combination of a Y chromosome will yield XY, which is:
MALE OFFSPRING
110
abnormal ventral curvature of the penis as a result of a shortened urethra that exits on the ventral penile shaft:
HYPOSPADIAS
111
the most common female finding is ________
CLITORMEGALY
112
the most common malignant abdominal mass in neonates is the:
NEUROBLASTOMA
113
uring an 18 week sonogram, multiple cysts of varying sizes are noted within the renal fossa of a male fetus. the other kidney appears to be normal. which of the following would be an associated finding?
a. megacystis
b. ovarian dysgenesis
c. hypospadias
d. normal amniotic fluid level
d
114
the most common malignant adrenal pediatric tumor is the:
a. nephromblastoma
b. pheochromocytoma
c. hepatoblastoma
d. neuroblastoma
d
115
the "keyhole" sign would be seen in all of the following situations except:
a. urethral atresia
b. prune belly syndrome
c. autosomal dominant polycystic renal disease
d. posterior urethral valves
c
116
what is the most common fetal abnormality noted during an obstetric sonogram?
a. anencephaly
b. spina bifida
c. cleft lip
d. hydronephrosis
d
117
the "lying down" adrenal sign would be seen in all of the following situations except:
a. unilateral renal agenesis
b. bilateral renal agenesis
c. potter syndrome
d. pyelectesis
d
118
the birth defect in which the sex of the fetus cannot be determined defines:
a. renal agenesis
b. ovarian dysgenesis
c. clitorimegaly
d. ambiguous genitalia
d
119
what measurement should the renal pelvis not exceed prior to 20 weeks gestation?
a. 2 mm
b. 10 mm
c. 7 mm
d. 1.2 cm
c
120
cloacal exstrophy is associated with all of the following except:
a. omphalocele
b. spina bifida
c. encephalocele
d. imperforate anus
c
121
the renal cystic disease that results in the development of cysts late in adulthood is:
a. multicystic dysplastic renal disease
b. autosomal dominant renal disease
c. autosomal recessive polycystic disease
d. obstructive cystic dysplasia
b
122
that is the most common cause of hydronephrosis in the neonate and the most common form of fetal renal obstruction?
a. UVJ obstruction
b. UPJ obstruction
c. vesicoureteral reflux
d. urethral atresia
b
123
bladder exstrophy describes:
a. absence of the cloaca
b. protrusion of the bladder
c. external position of the bladder
d. enlargement of the bladder
c
124
which of the following would result in compensatory hypertrophy?
a. unilateral renal agenesis
b. bilateral renal agenesis
c. pelvic kidney
d. horseshoe kidneys
a
125
which of the following would cause a bladder outlet obstruction?
a. posterior urethral valves
b. fetal ovarian cyst
c. pelviectasis
d. pelvocaliectasos
a
126
which of the following is associated with enlarged echogenic kidneys and microscopic renal cysts?
a. MCDK disease
b. obstructive cystic dysplasia
c. hydronephrotic syndrome
d. ARPKD
d
127
the "lying down" adrenal sign describes the sonographic findings of:
a. enlarged bladder and urethra
b. renal agenesis
c. MCDK disease
d. posterior urethral valves
b
128
the "I" in OEIS complex stands for:
a. imperforate anus
b. ilial dysfunction
c. irregular bladder enlargement
d. iniencephaly
a
129
another name for pelvocaliectasis is:
a. caliectasis
b. hydrocele
c. hydronephrosis
d. pyonephrosis
c
130
which of the following best describes hypospadias?
a. OEIS complex in the presence of a hydrocele
b. the chronic obstruction of the renal pelvis and urethra
c. the underdevelopment of the scrotum in the presence of a hydrocele
d. an abnormal ventral curvature of the penis
d
131
the "keyhole" sign describes the sonographic findings of a(n):
a. enlarged bladder and dilated urethra
b. bilateral renal agenesis
c. unilateral renal agenesis
d. dilation of the renal pelvis and proximal ureter
a
132
what is the term for enlargement of the urinary bladder?
a. posterior urethral valves
b. urethral atresia
c. prune belly syndrome
d. megacystis
d
133
Numerous noncommunicating anechoic masses are noted within the left renal fossa of a fetus at 20 weeks gestation. What is the most likely etiology of these masses?
a. ARPKD
b. ADPKD
c. MCDK disease
d. hydronephrosis
c
134
fluid surrounding the fetal testicle is referred to as:
a. hydroureter
b. hydronephrosis
c. hydrocele
d. hydroscrotum
c
135
fusion of the lower poles of the kidneys describes:
a. renal agenesis
b. horseshoe kidneys
c. moiety
d. meckel-gruber syndrome
b
136
the syndrome associated with an occipital cephalocele, cystic renal disease, and polydactly is:
a. meckel-gruber syndrome
b. potter syndrome
c. VACTERL association
d. sirenomelia syndrome
a
137
which of the following is not a component of prune belly syndrome?
a. megacystis
b. undescended testis
c. dilated urinary bladder and urethra
d. abdominal muscle hypertrophy
d
138
OEIS complex is also referred to as:
a. bladder exstrophy
b. omphalocele
c. potter syndrome
d. cloacal exstrophy
d
139
obstruction at the level of the UPJ would lead to dilation of the:
a. renal pelvis and bladder
b. bladder and ureter
c. ureter and renal pelvis
d. renal pelvis and calices
d
140
the most common location of an ectopic kidney is within the:
a. lower abdomen
b. pelvis
c. chest
d. contralateral quadrant
b
141
pyelectasis refers to:
a. enlargement of the urinary bladder, ureter, and renal calices
b. dilation of the ureter
c. dilation of the renal pelvis
d. enlargement of the ureter only
c
142
prune belly syndrome is caused by:
a. an enlarged bladder
b. unilateral renal agenesis
c. bilateral renal agenesis
d. hypospadias
a
143
all of the following would be associated with oligohydramnios except:
a. bilateral MCDK disease
b. unilateral renal agenesis
c. bilateral renal agenesis
d. ARPKD
b
144
what is the most common fetal renal tumor?
a. neuroblastoma
b. nephroblastoma
c. mesoblastic nephroma
d. wilms tumor
c
145
The type of renal cystic disease associated with adult liver and pancreatic cysts is:
a. MCDK
b. ARPKD
c. ADPKD
d. VATER
c
146
having more than the normal number of digits:
a. polydactyly
b. clinodactyly
c. multidigitopia
d. sirenomelia
a
147
crytorchidism describes:
a. bilateral pelvic kidneys
b. urethral atresia
c. undescended testicles
d. ovarian dysgenesis
c
148
an obstruction at the ureterovesicular junction would lead to dilation of the:
a. bladder and urethra
b. bladder, urethra, and ureters
c. bladder, urethra, ureters, and renal collecting system
d. ureter and renal collecting system
d
149
Before 9 weeks, the fetal kidneys are located within the:
a. renal fossae
b. pelvis
c. chest
d. umbilical cord
b
150
which of the following is the most common renal anomaly?
a. horseshoe kidneys
b. pelvic kidneys
c. renal agenesis
d. duplex collecting system
d
151
failure of the kidneys to form is called:
a. hydronephrosis
b. renal dysplasia
c. renal agenesis
d. renal ectopia
c
152
which of the following would be the most likely cause of bilateral, enlarged echogenic fetal kidneys and oligohydramnios?
a. ARPKD
b. MCKD
c. renal cystic dysplasia
d. ADPKD
a
