Chapter 15 - Sonographic Overview Flashcards by Gabriella Santangelo

Area located posterior to the broad ligaments adjacent to the uterus, which contains the ovaries and fallopian tubes

Adnexa

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a protein produced by the fetal yolk sac fetal GI tract and the fetal liver may also be produced by some malignant tumors

Alpha-fetaprotein

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Birth defect in which the external genitelia appear neither recognizably male nor female, associated with turner syndrome, also referred to as Monosomy X. These patients suffer from gonadal dysfunction and have physical characteristics such as short stature, and webbing of skin on neck

Ambiguous genitalia

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Absence of menstruation

Amenorrhea

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a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity

Ascites

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A tumor marker in the blood that can indicate certain types of cancers such as cancer of the ovary, endometrium, breast, GI tract and lungs; stands for cancer antigen

Ca-125

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a diagnostic modality that utilizes ionizing radiation to produce images of human body in cross-section and reconstructed 3D formats

Computed tomography

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– difficult or painful menstruation

Dysmonrrhea

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painful sexual intercourse

Dyspareunia

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painful or difficult urination

Dysuria

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Sonographic appearance of a structure

Echotexture

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A pregnancy located outside the endometrial cavity of uterus

Ectopic pregnancy

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a means of looking inside the human body by utilizing an endoscope

Endoscope

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distinct layering of fluids within a cyst or cystic structure that is caused by the presence of at least two different fluid compositions

Fluid-Fluid level

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– a catheter placed into urinary bladder via the urethra that is used to drain urine ; it can also be clamped and used to temporarily distend the bladder for pelvic sonography

Foley catheter

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a lab value that indicated the amount of red blood cells in blood

Hematocrit

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– excessive hair growth in women in areas where hair growth is normally negligible

Hirsutism

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a hormone produces by trophoblastic cell os early placenta ; may be used as a tumor marker in nongravid male or female patients

HCG

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– dilation of renal collecting system resulting from obstruction of the flow of urine from the kidneys to the bladder ; also reffered to as pelvocaliectasis, pelviectasis, or pyelctatis

Hydropnephrosis

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decrease or scant menstrual flow; regular time menses but light flow

Hypomenorrhea

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inability to conceive a child after 1 year of unprotected intercourse

Infertility

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– a common form of BC in which a small device is placed within endometrium to prevent pregnancy ; also referred to as intrauterine device

IUD

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an enzyme found within blood that may be used to monitor renal function ; may also be used as a tumor marker for some ovarian tumors

Lactate dehydrogenase

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an elevated white blood count , can be associated with PID

Leukocytosis

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diagnostic modality that utilized electromagnetic radiation to produce images of the human body in cross-section and reconstructed 3D formats,

MRI

scites and pleural effusion in presence of some begning ovarian tumors,

Meigs syndrome

excessive or prolongs bleeding between periods

Menometrrhagia

abnormally heavy and prolongs menstruation

Menorrhagia

irregular menstrual bleeding between periods ; intermenstrual bleeding

Metrrohagia

– having more than one compartment

Multiloculated

growth or masses attaches. To the wall of a structure like a cyct

Mural nodules

mass of tissue that contains abnormal cells also called a tumor

Neoplasm

a diagnostic imaging modality utilizes administration of radionuclides into the human body for the function of organs, trtment of various abnormalities

Nuclear medicine

an abnormality that results from the ovary twisting on its mesenteric connection ; consequently cutting off blood supply to ovary

Ovarian torsion

– an infection of the female genital tract that may involve the ovaries , uterus and or fallopian tubes

PID

kidney located within the pelvis

Pelvic kidney

a syndrome characterized by anovulatory cycles, inferiltiy, hirsutism , amenorrhea, and obesity may also be referred to as Stein-Leventhal synrdrome

PCOS

an intraperitoneal extension of mucin-secreting cells that result from rupture of malignant ovarion. Tumor or possibly a tumor of appendix

Pseudomyxoma peritonei

separations structures that separate in separate structures

Septations

– an anechoic, round mass that has smooth walls and demonstrates through transmission

Simple cyst

sonographic procedure that uses saline installation in the endometrial cavity & fallopian tubes to evaluate for internal abnormalities

Sonohysterogram

a breast cancer drug that inhibits the effects of estrogen in the breast

Tamoxifen

sonogram that requires the transducer to be placed against labia ; often used for imaging of cervix.

Translabial sonogram

having one chamber or compartment

unilocular

changes within the female that are caused by increased androgens may lead to deepening of voice and hirsutism

Virilization

Endovaginal is cleaned with

Gluterldehyde

without echoes ; simple ovarian cyst

anechoic

having both cystic and solid compartments ; ex pelvic abscess

complex

of differing composition ; ex pelvic ligaments

heterogeneous

structures that produce echoes ; ex : pelvic ligaments

echogenic

of uniform composition ; ex normal uterus

homogenous

having few echoes ; ex ; endometrium in secretory phase

hypoechoic

having same echogencity ; ex normal ovaries

isoechoic

caused by a large acoustic interface and subsequent production of false echoes ex ; echogenic region in anterior aspect of urinary bladder

reverberation

– produced by a strong specular reflector and results in a copy of the antomy being placed deeper than the correct location ; ex may occur during an endovaginal and produce a artificial duplicate of uterus

Mirror image

caused by attenuation ; ex : seen posterior to pelvic bones or a tooth within a cystic teratoma

Shadowing

artifact that appears a solid streak or a chain of parallel bands radiating away from a structure : exx : gas or air within the endometrium secondary to endometriosis

Ringdown artifact

produced when the sound beam is barely attenuated through a fluid or a fluid filled structure ; ex : posterior to the urinary bladder or simple ovarian cyt

Posterior (acoustic enhancement)

``` What term describes the echogenicity of a simple ovarian cyst A. anechoic B. Hypoechoic C. Echogenic D. Hyperechoic ```

``` The "S" the star criteria stands for A. simple B. Sound C. smooth walls D. separations ```

``` Which of the following is defined as pain during intercourse? A- Dysuria B- Dysmenorrhea C- Dyspareunia D- Hirsutism ```

``` Which of the following is defined as excessive hair growth in women in areas where hair growth is normally negligible? A- Dyspareunia B- Hrsutism C- Meigs syndrome D- PCOS ```

``` Which of the following laboratory tests may be used as a tumor marker for an ovarian dysgerminoma? A- lactate dehydrogenase B- alpha-fetoprotein C- CA-125 D- tamoxifen ```

``` All of the following are associated with acute pelvic pain except: A- PID B- ruptured ovarian hemorrhagic cyst C- perforated IUCD D- Asherman syndrome ```

``` Which of the following is best defined as intermenstrual bleeding? A- Dysmenorrhea B- Menorrhagia C- Menometrorrhagia D- Metrorrhagia ```

``` Having the same echogenicity means: A- Anechoic B- Isoechoic C- Echogenic D- Hypoechoic ```

``` Which of the following would typically not be associated with amenorrhea? A- Asherman syndrome B- PCOD C- Pregnancy D- Adenomyosis ```

``` Which of the following is best defined as difficult or painful menstruation? A- Diysmenorrhea B- Dyspareunia C- Dysuria D- Menorrhagia ```

``` Which of the following would typically not be associated with amenorrhea? A- Asherman syndrome B- PCOD C- Pregnancy D- Adenomyosis ```

``` Which of the following is best defined as difficult or painful menstruation? A- Diysmenorrhea B- Dyspareunia C- Dysuria D- Menorrhagia ```

``` What term relates to the number of pregnancies a patient has had? A- Para B- Menarche C- Menorrhagia D- Gravida ```

Which of the following definitions best describes the term adnexa? A- The area posterior to the uterus, between the uterus and rectum B- The area located posterior to the broad ligaments and adjacent to the uterus C- The area anterior to the uterus, between the uterus and urinary bladder D- The area lateral to the iliac crest and posterior to the pubic symphysis

All of the following statements are true of endovaginal imaging except: A- Endovaginal imaging requires a full urinary bladder B- Endovaginal imaging leads to reduced waiting time for the patients and quicker medical management C- Endovaginal imaging offers improved resolution of endometrium, uterus, and ovaries D- Endovaginal imaging is contraindicated for pediatric patients, and those with an intact hymen

``` What laboratory value would be most useful to evaluate in a patient with suspected internal hemorrhage? A- White blood cells B- Lactate dehydrogenase C- Amylase D- Hemocrit ```

``` What abnormality results from the ovary twisting on its mesenteric connection? A- PID B- Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome C- Ovarian torsion D- Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome ```

``` Which of the following most often leads to an elevation of CA-125? A- Ovarian carcinoma B- Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome C- Ovarian torsion D- Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome ```

``` When does the centers for Disease Control recommend that alcohol-based handrub not be used by the sonographer? A- After performing a sonogram B- Before performing a sonogram C- When your hands are visibly soiled D- Between patients ```

``` The best way to communicate with a patient who speaks a language other than your own is to: A- Use sign language B- Use proper body cues C- Use an online search engine D- Use a trained medical interpreter ```

``` What artifact would be seen posterior to a tooth within a cystic teratoma? A- Ring-down B- Reverberation C- through transmission D- Shadowing ```

``` Which of the following is best described as an artifact that is produced by a strong reflector and results in a copy of the anatomy being placed deeper than the correct location? A- Reverberation B- Mirror artifact C- Acoustic shadowing D- Comet tail ```

Which of the following statements is not true concerning TA pelvic imaging: A- TA imaging of the pelvis provides a global view of the entire pelvis B- TA imaging lacks the detail of TV imaging C- Obese patients and patients with a retroverted or retroflexed uterus present a unique challenge to the TA imaging. D- TA imaging is contraindicated for pediatric patients

``` Malignant ovarian tumors may leak mucinous maternal, and this condition is known as: A- Dandy-walker syndrome B- Pseudomyxoma peritonei C- Asherman syndrome D- Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome ```

All of the following are proper techniques for providing patient care for patients during a pelvic US exam except: A- All transducers and their cords should be cleaned before performing a pelvic US B- TV transducers should be cleaned with a high level disinfectant C- A probe cover should be placed on the transducer for TA imaging to prevent spread of infection D- Sterile jelly should be used as a lubricant for TV imaging

``` The breast cancer drug that inhibits the effects of estrogen in the breast is: A- CA-125 B- Methotrexate C- RA-916 D- Tamoxifen ```

Which of the following statements would be considered an acceptable disadvantage of TV imaging? A- TV imaging has a limited field of view B- The resolution of TV imaging is reduced compared to TA imaging C- TV imaging is more time consuming than TA imaging D- TV imaging can be performed only by female sonographers

``` What artifact could be noted emanating form air or gas within the endometrium in a patient with endometritis? A- Ring-down B- Mirror image C- Posterior enhancement D- Dirty transmission ```

``` What Doppler artifact occurs when the Doppler sampling rate is not high enough to display the Doppler shift frequency? A- Doppler noise B- Aliasing C- Twinkle artifact D- Absent Doppler signal ```

``` Which of the following would be the least likely to cause abdominal distension? A- Ascites B- Multiple leiomyoma C- Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome D- PCOD ```

All of the following are common indication for a pelvic sonogram except: A- Evaluation of congenital anomalies B- Evaluation of pelvic anatomy immediately following a motor vehicle accident C- Localization of an UICD D- Postmenopausal bleeding

Precocious puberty is best defined as: A- Pubertal development before the age of 8 B- Pubertal development before the age of 13 C- Excessive hair growth in girls in areas where hair growth is normally negligible D- Changes within the camel that are caused by increased levels of a-fetoprotein

``` Amenorrhea is defined as: A- The first menstrual cycle B- Excessive bleeding after the first cycle C- Lack of menstrual flow D- Painful menstrual flow ```

``` Which of the following would most likely be associated with hirsutism? A- PCOD B- Meigs syndrome C- Adenomyosis D- Adenomyomatosis ```

``` Which fo the following would be caused by a large acoustic interface and subsequent production of false echoes? A- Posterior shadowing B- Acoustic enhancement C- Mirror image D- Reverberation ```

``` Which of the following would be best defined as abnormally heavy menstruated flow? A- Menometrorrhagia B- Menorrhagia C- Metrorrhagia D- Hypomenorrhea ```

``` All of the following would be best defines as regularly timed menses but light flow? A- Menometrorrhagia B- Menorrhagia C-Metrorrhagia D- Hypomenorrhea ```

``` All of the following would be relevant laboratory tests to evaluate before performing a routine pelvic sonogram except: A- HCG B- Hematocrit C- WBC count D- Lipase ```

``` Which of the following could be described as an infection of the female genital tract that may involve the ovaries, uterus, and/or the Fallopian tubes? A- Pseudomyxoma peritonei B- PID C- PCOD D- Ovarian torsion ```

``` Which fo the following diagnostic tests is used to evaluate emitted radiation from the patient to assess the function of organs? A- MRI B- Nuclear med C- Radiography D- CT ```

``` TV transducers may be cleaned by submerging in a(n)_____-based solution A- gluteraldehyde B- ascites C- formaldehyde D- alcohol ```

``` Leukocytes is would most likely be associated with: A- Multiple degenerating fibroids B- Ovarian teratoma C- Adenomyosis D- PID ```