Chapter 3 Flashcards by alyssa bryant

Which philosopher’s teachings dominated science for 2000 years?

Aristotle

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Who laid the foundation for modern physical science by discovering the laws of motion and gravitation?

Sir Isaac Newton

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What are the branches of physics developed before 1900?

Classical physics

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What is a mathematical quantity that has magnitude and direction?

Vector

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What type of mathematical quantity only has magnitude?

Scalar

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What is an object’s change in position?

Displacement

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What is the effect of combining two or more vectors?

Resultant

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What is the study of motion and forces?

Dynamics

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What is the branch of physics that addresses he effects of forces on matter?

Mechanics

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What is the distance traveled by an object per unit time?

Speed

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Formula for Speed

v = 𝑑/𝑡

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What vector measures the displacement of an object per unit of time?

Velocity

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Formula for Velocity

𝑣⃗= Δ𝑥/t

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What is any change in an object’s velocity, whether increase or decrease in speed or change in direction?

Acceleration

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What is the space relative to which motion is measured?

Frame of reference

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What law states that the velocity of an object doesn’t change unless the object is acted upon by an external force?

Newton’s First Law of Motion

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What is the other name for the First Law of Motion?

Law of Inertia

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What law states that the force required to accelerate an object at a certain rate equals the object’s mass times the desired acceleration?

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

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Formula for Force

F = ma

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What is the SI unit of force?

Newton

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What law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction?

Newton’s Third Law of Motion

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How to figure Net Force?

Add or subtract the two forces. Greater force is the direction of the resultant.

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What represents the object and forces on it without considering the causes of the forces or the reaction forces exerted by the object?

Free-body diagram

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What states that any two objects attract each other through gravitational force?

Law of universal gravitation

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Formula for Law of Universal Gravitation

𝐹=𝐺 (𝑚_1 𝑚_2)/𝑟^2

What is the gravitational force exerted on an object near the surface of the earth or any celestial body?

Gravity

What is the number commonly accepted as the acceleration of gravity (g)?

9.81 m/s

Formula for Free-fall Distance

d=1/2 𝑔𝑡^2

What is the velocity at which the magnitude of drag equals the object's weight and the object stops speeding up?

Terminal Velocity

What is the center-seeking force that causes an object to travel in a curved path rather than a straight line?

Centripetal force

What is an object that hangs from a fixed point and swings back and forth because of gravity?

Pendulum

What type of friction affects sliding objects already in motion?

Kinetic friction

What kind of friction affects stationary objects, preventing them from moving at all?

Static friction

The effect of the surface on friction is called the ________.

Coefficient of friction (𝜇)

Formula for Kinetic Friction Force

F_kf = 𝜇_𝑘F_w

What is the transfer of energy from one object to another by a force?

Work

Formula for work

W=fd

What is the SI unit of work?

Joule

What is the rate of doing work?

Power

Formula for Power

P = W/t

What is the SI unit of power?

Watt

What is mathematically described as the product of the object's mass and velocity?

Momentum

Formula for momentum

𝑝 ⃗=𝑚𝑣 ⃗

What are devices for doing work that were devised to multiply muscle power?

Machines

Three main forms of assistance that simple machines provide.

1. Multiply applied force 2. Multiply the distance 3. Change the direction of the force

What is one measure of how much help a machine provides?

Mechanical advantage

What is the multiplication of force by a machine when friction is negligible?

IMA

Formula for IMA

IMA = input distance / output distance

What is a measure of how well a machine converts input work into output work?

Efficiency

Formula for Efficiency

𝜂= 𝑊_𝑜/𝑊_𝑖

How are levers classified?

According to where the input and output forces are in relation to the fulcrum.

What happens to the force if an input arm is longer than the output arm of the lever?

The force is multiplied.

What simple machine is similar to a circular lever that multiplies either force or speed?

Wheel and axle

What is a simple machine consisting of a wheel over which a rope or cable passes?

Pulley

What simple machine is a combination of one or more fixed pulleys and one or more movable pulleys?

Block and tackle

What simple machine is a sloping surface that allows an object to be raised without lifting it straight up?

Inclined plane

Formula for IMA

IMA = d_i / d_o = (length/height)

What is a special form of inclined plane that modifies the applied force and directs it to the side?

Wedge

What is the distance from one of the ridges or threads on the screw's shaft to the next?

Pitch

Formula for IMA of a screw

𝐼𝑀𝐴= 2𝜋𝑟/𝑝