Chapter 3 Flashcards
What is intelligence?
the ability to acquire knowledge, to think and reason effectively and adapt
What is intelligence from a historical perspective?
first intellectual tests were developed by Chinese civil service (2000 BC)
Binet and Simon produced first psychological intelligence tests (tested children on mental ability)
Sir Francis Galton: quantifying mental ability, mental ability is inherited
influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution
What were Binet’s Assumptions?
mental abilities develop with age
rate at which people gain competence
mental age: could be 8 but score high and have a mental age of 10
What is Stern’s Intelligence Quotient?
could be applied to people of different chronological ages
IQ = (mental age/chronological age) x 100
What did Lewis Terman do?
revised Binet’s tests
army alpha (verbal)
army beta (nonverbal)
What is the psychometric approach to intelligence?
attempts to map intelligence and performance
factor analysis: statistical technique used to infer the underlying characteristics that account for the links among the variables
What did Charles Spearman do?
g factor = general intelligence
special abilities
your performance in a math course is g factor + specific ability
What are the primary mental abilities stated by L.L. Thurstone?
space
verbal comprehension
word fluency
number facility
perceptual speed
rote memory
reasoning
What is crystallized intelligence?
apply previously learned knowledge, depends on previous learning and experience
What is fluid intelligence?
deal with novel situations without previous knowledge, inductive reasoning, create problem solving
What are the eight relatively independent intelligences?
- Linguistics
- Logical-mathematical
- Visuospatial
- Musical
- Bodily-kinesthetic
- Interpersonal
- Intrapersonal
- Naturalistic
What are the four branches of emotion detection and control abilities?
- perceiving emotions
- using emotions to facilitate
- understanding emotions
- managing emotions
What are achievement tests?
how much someone knows
What are aptitude tests?
potential for future learning, depends less on prior knowledge so more fair, hard to design tests this way
What are the psychometric standards for intelligence tests?
test-reset reliability: same participants have consistent and similar scores over time
internal consistency: all items on the test measure the same thing
inter-judge reliability: consistency when different people score the same test
construct validity: does a test measure what it should measure?
content validity: do items measure construct knowledge
criterion-related: how well does test scores predict criterion measures?
What is the raven progressive matric?
frequently used to measure fluid intelligence, doesn’t have cultural bias, observe patterns and process them, test intelligence in cultural context
What does brain size have to do with intelligence?
electrophysiology: processing speed
PET scans: problem solving, processing speed
What is the relationship between heredity, environment and intelligence?
no “intelligence gene”
1/4 to 1/3 variability attributed to environmental factors
when removed from deprived environment, increase in IQ
