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PSYCH 105 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are six concepts that determine if something is abnormal?

A
  1. The personal values of a given diagnostician
  2. The expectations of the culture in which a person currently lives
  3. The expectations of the person’s culture of origin
  4. General assumptions about human nature
  5. Statistical deviation from the norm
  6. Harmfulness, suffering, and impairment
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2
Q

What are the “3 Ds” of abnormality?

A

distressing to self or others

dysfunctional for person or society

deviant: violates social norms

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3
Q

What is abnormal behavior?

A

behavior that is personally distressing, personally dysfunctional and/or so culturally deviate that people say it’s inappropriate or maladaptive

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4
Q

What is the demonological perspective?

A

abnormal behavior is the result of supernatural forces

treatment: trephination (hole in the skull)

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5
Q

What is the vulnerability-stress model?

A

everyone has a degree of vulnerability for a disorder, given sufficient stress

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6
Q

What is the DSM-5?

A

detailed behavior must be present for diagnosis

categorical system

not ojective

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7
Q

What are the critical issues in diagnostic labelling?

A

too easy to accept label as description of individual

may accept identity implied by label

may develop the expected role and outlook

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8
Q

What are the emotional symptoms of an anxiety disorder?

A

feelings of tension, apprehension

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9
Q

What are the cognitive symptoms of an anxiety disorder?

A

worry, thoughts about inability to cope

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10
Q

What are the physiological symptoms of an anxiety disorder?

A

increased heart rate, muscle tension, other autonomic arousal symptoms

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11
Q

What are the behavioral symptoms of an anxiety disorder?

A

avoidance of feared situations, decreased task performance, increased startle response

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12
Q

What is a phobic disorder?

A

strong, irrational fears of objects or situations

seldom go away on their own

degree of impairment

agoraphobia, social phobias, specific phobias

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13
Q

What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

A

state of diffuse, “free-floating” anxiety

not tied to a specific situation or condition

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14
Q

What is a panic disorder?

A

occur suddenly, unpredictably, intense

fear of future attacks

3.7% of population

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15
Q

What is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

A

cognitive component: obsessions
behavioral component: compulsions (response to obsessive thoughts)
both can appear separately

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16
Q

How does OCD present in animals?

A

animals in captivity

stereotyped behavior due to boredom or stress

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17
Q

What are eating disorders?

A

Anorexia Nervosa: intense fear of being fat

Bulimia Nervosa: binge and purge

environmental, psychological, biological

common in industrialized culture

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18
Q

What are the causes of anorexia and bulimia?

A

anorexics: high achievement standards, perfectionist
bulimics: depressed, anxious, lower impulse control

higher identical twin concordance rate

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19
Q

What do eating disorders look like for animals?

A

animals in captivity

undereating

overeating

pica: eating things that aren’t food

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20
Q

What are mood (affective) disorders?

A

is not a “case of the blues” or “having a bad day”

clinical depression: frequency, intensity, duration of symptoms is out of proportion to the situation

major depression, chronic depression disorder

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21
Q

What are the emotional symptoms of a mood (affective) disorder?

A

sadness, hopelessness, anxiety, misery, inability to enjoy

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22
Q

What are the cognitive symptoms of a mood (affective) disorder?

A

negative cognitions about self, world, and future

23
Q

What are the motivational symptoms of a mood (affective) disorder?

A

loss of interest, lack of drive, difficulty starting anything

24
Q

What are the somantic symptoms of a mood (affective) disorder?

A

loss of appetite, lack of energy, sleep difficulties, weight loss/gain

25
What does depression look like in animals?
more about feelings so hard to tell in animals anhedonia: loss of interest in pleasurable activities try to measure sleep, sexual activity
26
What is bipolar disorder?
depression alternates with mania manic state: euphoric mood, grandiose conditions, hyperactive/no sleep, rapid speech
27
What are causal factors of mood disorders?
depression: genetic factors, underactivity of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin bipolar disorder: stronger genetic component than unipolar depression
28
What are the psychological factors of mood disorders?
personality based vulnerability psychodynamic view: early traumatic losses/rejections create vulnerability
29
What are the cognitive processes in mood disorders?
depressive cognitive triad negative thoughts concerning the world, oneself, future depressive attributional pattern learned helplessness
30
What is a depressive attributional pattern?
success: factors outside of self negative outcomes: personal factors
31
What is learned helplessness?
people expect bad events will occur and they can't cope with them
32
What are learning and environmental factors that cause mood disorders?
behavioral model of depression poor parenting, many stressful experiences, coping skills, no positive self-concept
33
What are sociocultural factors of mood disorders?
cultural variation prevalence of depressive disorders feelings of guilt and inadequacy gender difference not found
34
What are somatic system disorders?
no known biological cause hypochondriasis (convinced they have serious illness) pain disorder (no known cause of pain) functional neurological symptom disorder
35
What is dissociative amnesia?
selective memory loss following trauma
36
What is dissociative fugue?
loss of all personal identity
37
What is dissociative identity disorder?
2 or more separate personalities each identity is unique Trauma dissociation theory: DID generally results from severe traumatic experience in early childhood
38
What is schizophrenia?
"split-mind": thought, language, and emotion are spilt apart severe disturbances delusions: false beliefs hallucinations: false perceptions disorganized language emotion: blunted affect, inappropriate affect
39
What are the subtypes of schizophrenia?
paranoid: delusions of persecution disorganized: confusion catatonic: motor disturbances undifferentiated: not classified type 1: positive symptoms, delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech and thought type 2: negative symptoms, lack of emotion, expression
40
What are the biological factors of schizophrenia?
genetics: twins have higher concordance rate brain: neurodegenerative hypothesis, atrophy and destruction dopamine hypothesis: overactivity of dopamine system, regulate emotion, motivation, cognitive functioning
41
What are the psychological factors of schizophrenia?
Freud: extreme use of defense mechanism of regression, retreats to early stage of development Cognitive: defect in ability to filter
42
What are the environmental factors of schizophrenia?
stressful life events family dynamics vulnerability factor and negative reactions from others high expressed emotions
43
What are the sociocultural factors of schizophrenia?
Social causation hypothesis: higher levels of stress among low-income Social drift hypothesis: as functioning deteriorates, drift down socio-economic ladder
44
What are personality disorders?
exhibit stable, ingrained, inflexible, and maladaptive ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving
45
What are the 6 types of personality disorders?
1. Anti-social 2. Narcissistic 3. Borderline 4. Avoidant 5. Obsessive-compulsive 6. Schizotypal
46
What is antisocial personality disorder?
psychopaths are a severe form the most destructive to society punishment doesn't work exhibit little anxiety or guilt lack of empathy highly manipulative
47
What are the causal factors of personality disorders?
biological factors: genetic predisposition, dysfunction in brain structures, prefrontal cortex psychological and environmental factors: absence of father figure, lack of superego, restraints on id are reduced learning expectations: no conditioned fear responses when punished, exposure to deviant peers
48
What is borderline personality disorder?
instability in behavior, emotion, identity emotional dysregulation intense and unstable personal relationships impulsive and self destructive behaviors
49
What are causal factors of borderline personality disorder?
chaotic personal histories treated malevolently: first memories, parents were abusive, rejecting, non-affirming biological factors
50
What is ADHD?
attentional difficulties hyperactivity, impulsivity genetic predispositions brain scans: no consistent differences
51
What is autism spectrum disorder?
extreme unresponsiveness poor communication some savant abilities
52
What are the causal factors of childhood disorders?
biological basis: larger by 5-10% (age 18 months - 4 years), abnormal development in cerebellum genetic factors: may be 4-6 major genes, 20-30 others may be linked no scientific evidence of link to vaccines
53
What is dementia in old age?
gradual loss of cognitive abilities accompanies brain deterioration senile dementia: begins after age 65 onset is typically gradual
54
What is Alzheimer's Disease?
60% of dementias deterioration in frontal, temporal lobes destruction of acetylcholine

PSYCH 105 (8 decks)

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