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PSYCH 105 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is developmental psychology?

A

studying changes in biological, physical, behavioral, and physiological process with age

role of environment and genes (nature vs nurture)

critical and sensitive periods

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2
Q

What is a critical period?

A

age where experiences must occur

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3
Q

What is a sensitive period?

A

optimal age range (like with language)

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4
Q

What are research designs?

A

strategy or blueprint for deciding how to collect and analyze information

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5
Q

What is cross sectional design?

A

compare changes between groups in a given time period

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6
Q

What are the pros of cross sectional design?

A

rapid data collection
no practice-effect
cost-effective

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7
Q

What are the cons of cross sectional design?

A

“age-related change, not development per se”

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8
Q

What is longitudinal design?

A

compare changes within individuals over time

cohort = group born at same time

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9
Q

What are the pros of longitudinal design?

A

optimal for studying stability or change in a given cohort

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10
Q

What are the cons of longitudinal design?

A

expensive, long-term, time consuming
attrition (participant drop-out)
practice effect
cohort effect (reduce generalizability)

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11
Q

What is sequential design?

A

combination of cross-sectional (different age group) and longitudinal (groups followed over time) designs

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12
Q

What are pros of sequential design?

A

more comprehensive than other designs
examine cohort effect
time efficient

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13
Q

What are cons of sequential design?

A

might be expensive (longitudinal feature)

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14
Q

What are research methods?

A

specific tools and techniques used by researchers to collect information

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15
Q

What is involuntary/obligatory response?

A

infants, assessing behaviors which people engage without much conscious thought or effort, habituation/dishabituation

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16
Q

What is a voluntary response?

A

infants and young children

assess behaviors that a person completes by choice, recall memory/elicited information

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17
Q

What is psychophysiology?

A

infant and children
assess bidirectional relation between biology and behavior
event related potential (ERP)

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18
Q

What is a parent-response questionairre?

A

ask people who know infants and children best, commonly, their parents or guardians about various aspects of the infant’s and children’s lives

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19
Q

What are interview techniques?

A

mostly older children and adult, ask them to describe their thoughts and knowledge about the world, verbal report, vignette

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20
Q

What is the Germinal Stage of Prenatal Development?

A

first 2 weeks, starting from zygote formation

conception: sperm fertilizing ovum/egg

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21
Q

What is the Embryonic Stage of Prenatal Development?

A

end of 2nd week to 8th week after conception (embryo)
life support structures develop like placenta and umbilical cord
bodily organs and systems begin to develop

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22
Q

What is the Fetal Stage of Prenatal Development?

A

9th week from conception until birth (fetus)
by 24 weeks, eyes open
by 28 weeks fetus attains age of viability (likely to survive outside the womb)

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23
Q

What us maturation?

A

biological process that controls growth of bodies and motor skills

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24
Q

What is brain development?

A

50% by 6 months of age
cells become larger, neural networks form
brains of 5 year olds = 90% of adult size
new synapses formed, brain becomes more specialized

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25
What is motor development?
follow stage-like sequences age of acquiring a particular skill might vary, sequence of skills does not vary
26
What is Piaget's Stage Theory?
development occurs through a sequence of discontinuous stages sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years): object permanence preoperational reasoning stage (2 years to 6/7 years): conservation problem concrete operational stage (6/7 years to 11/12 years) formal operational stage (11/12 years to the rest of life)
27
What is an assessment of Piaget's Stage Theory?
general cognitive abilities occur in the same order across cultures cognitive development might be more continuous than Piaget believed cognitive development within each stage proceeds inconsistently culture influences cognitive development cognitive development could be variable, and more complex
28
What is adolescence?
a period that begins with puberty and ends with transition to adulthood (approximately 10-20)
29
What are the physical changes in adolescence?
changes include growth spurt in height, skin changes (pimples) increase in testosterone for boys and estrogen for girls
30
What are the cognitive changes in adolescence?
shift from concrete to more abstract and complex thinking improvement in attention, memory, processing speed and metacognition early adolescence: sensation seeking and reward motivation mid adolescence: risk taking late adolescence: self-regulation and future orientation
31
What are the social changes surrounding parents during adolescence?
renegotiation of parent-child relationships more independence and autonomy change in parenting-distal supervision and monitoring become more important psychological control
32
What are the social changes surrounding peers during adolescence?
greater importance during adolescence important source of social support and companionship friendship focused on intimate exchange of thoughts and feelings
33
What are the social changes surrounding romantic relationships during adolescence?
shift from same-sex group to mixed-sex peer group typical during adolescence romantic relationships often form in the context of these mixed-sex peer groups positive and negative emotions are more tied to romantic relationships than parents, friends, school, etc. contribute to adolescent's identity formation centrally connected to adolescent's emerging sexuality
34
What are the Four Identity Stages?
Foreclosure: commits to an identity without considering options Identity Diffusion: don't explore or commit to any identities Moratorium: actively exploring options, but have not yet made commitments Identity Achievement: explored options and have made identity commitments
35
What is Emerging Adulthood?
new life stage between adolescence and young adulthood, lasting roughly from ages 18 to 25
36
What are five features of emerging adulthood?
identity exploration: make enduring choices instability: lives are often stable self-focused: make independent decisions feeling in-between: subjective feeling of being in a transitional period of life possibilities: hopes and expectations of the possibility of different future
37
What is Aging?
complex and lifelong biogenetic and psychological process, traditionally people over the age of 65
38
What is Cognitive Aging?
systematic decline observed on cognitive tasks requiring self-initiated, effortful processing decrease in "processing speed" poor "recall" ability "working memory" becomes less efficient older adults better at navigating social and emotional problems
39
What is Subjective Age?
multidimensional construct that indicates how old (or young) a person feels and into which age group a person categorizes him or herself
40
What is Age Identity?
how old or young people feel compared to their chronological age most people feel younger than their chronological age after early adulthood
41
What is self-perception of age?
individual's perceptions of their own aging process positive perceptions of aging associated with greater longevity and health
42
What is social network?
network of people with whom an individual is closely connected provide emotional, informational and material support opportunities for social engagement
43
What is the socioemotional Selectivity Theory?
explain the reduction of social partners in older adulthood older adults focus on meeting emotional over information-gathering goals adaptively select social partners that meet this need
44
What is average life expectancy?
mean number of years that 50% of people in a specific birth cohort are expected to survive
45
What is successful aging?
avoiding disease maintaining high levels of cognitive and physical functioning having an actively engaging lifestyle
46
What is attachment theory?
designed to explain the significance of the close, emotional bonds that children develop with their caregivers and the implications of those bonds for understanding personality development
47
What is an attachment figure?
someone who functions as the primary safe haven and secure base for an individual, often a parent in childhood, often a romantic partner in adulthood
48
What is an attachment behavioral system?
motivational system selected over the course of evolution to maintain proximity between young child and primary attachment figure (parent)
49
What is attachment behavior?
behaviors and signals that attract the attention of a primary attachment figure and function to prevent separation from that individual or to reestablish proximity to that individual
50
What is infant attachment?
three types of children: secure relationship with parent, anxious resistant, anxious avoidant individual difference correlated with infant-parent interaction during the first year of life sensitive and responsive caregiving is important in shaping attachment style
51
What is attachment in adulthood?
emotional bond between adult romantic partners, similar to attachment behavioral system individuals gradually transfer attachment related functions from parents to close friends/romantic partners as they become adult individual difference in attachment style exist in adulthood early attachment experience could potentially provide the foundation for subsequent experience
52
What are genetics and sex determination?
sex chromosomes: 23rd pair of chromosomes genetic females: XX, genetic males: XY egg and sperm have 23 chromosomes, each egg has X chromosome, while sperm can have either X or Y
53
What is the TDF (testes determining gene)?
triggers male sexual development 6-8 weeks after conception, TDF gene initiates development of testes which in turn is responsible for secreting sex hormones known as androgens androgens determine male pattern of organ development absence of TDF ensures female pattern of organ development
54
What are teratogens?
environmental agents that may cause abnormal prenatal development examples include mercury, lead, radiation, nicotine, and some therapeutic drugs
55
What is Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder?
cognitive, behavioral, and physical defects caused due to prenatal exposure to alcohol
56
What does vision look like for babies?
can track objects as newborns, but are near-sighted
57
What does color vision look like in babies?
can see few colors as newborns, perceive full range of colors by 3 months
58
What is the Preferential Looking Procedure?
used to determine preference for visual stimuli is recorded, infants prefer visually complex stimuli over simpler ones and solid colors
59
What is newborn learning?
habituation: recognize familiar over unfamiliar faces regardless of expression discriminate different speech patterns classical and operant learning: acquire conditioned responses imitation: imitate adult facial expressions
60
What does sound localization look like in newborns?
ability to localize sounds exists from birth until 2 months of age, then disappears, reappears at 4-5 months
61
What does phoneme discrimination look like in newborns?
ability to detect changes in speech sounds, even better than adults, disappears at 12 months of age
62
What is theory of mind?
understanding other people's mental states develops around 4 years of age, tested using false belief tasks pretend play is known to be important for theory of mind to develop lying and deception also reflect theory of mind
63
What do emotions and emotional regulation look like at 8 months?
sense of self, display of basic emotions, envy, embarrassment, and empathy emerge
64
What do emotions and emotional regulation look like at 2 years?
learn about performance standards and rules, pride, shame, guilt
65
What is temperament?
biologically based style of behavioral and emotional reaction relatively stable, but predictions are difficult research suggests extreme temperament styles can predict some behaviors in later life
66
What is Erikson's Psychosocial Theory?
8 major psychosocial stages crisis to be resolved at each stage personality is not fixed in childhood themes/patterns that emerge early in childhood could be important later in life
67
What are Authoritative Parents?
controlling but warm most positive childhood outcome
68
What are Authoritarian Parents?
exert control, but cold, unresponsive or rejecting poorer self-esteem, popularity, school performance
69
What are Indulgent Parents?
warm and caring no guidance or discipline children immature, self-centered
70
What are Neglectful Parents?
not warm, no rules or guidance most negative developmental stage
71
What are the levels in Kohlberg's Stage Theory?
Level 1: Preconventional Reasoning, understanding of right vs. wrong based on punishments and rewards Level 2: Conventional Reasoning, judgements based on conformity to social groups, adopts other people's values Level 3: Postconventional Reasoning, judgements based on general principles, one's conscience, person has internalized principles into own value system
72
What are some criticisms of Kohlberg's Theory?
Western culture bias: justice and fairness might not be the highest morals in other cultures Gender Bias: mixed evidence, but different values could take precedence
73
What is crystallized intelligence?
accumulated verbal skills and factual knowledge, peak in middle adulthood and then decline
74
What is fluid intelligence?
ability to perform mental operations, begins to decline in early adulthood

PSYCH 105 (8 decks)

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