Chapter 3

Question 1

Where in the body can Giardia Lamblia be found

Answer 1

Small intestine

Question 2

What organisms cause Giardiasis

Answer 2

Giardia duodenalis, G intestinalis and G lamblia

Question 3

In what environment is Giardiasis often found

Answer 3

daycare centers, cosmopolitan, travelers disease, ski resorts

Question 4

What is the most common protozoan disease in the US

Answer 4

Giardiasis

Question 5

How is Giardia transmitted

Answer 5

ingestion of food or water that contain cysts

Question 6

How does G lamblia attack the body in humans

Answer 6

villous blunting, lymphocytic infiltration, colonizes small intestine, attaches with suckers and builds up

Question 7

explain what villous blunting is

Answer 7

Giardia lamblia: colonizes the villi in small intestine and makes it dull causes mal absorption of nutrients

Question 8

What stages are present in Giardia lamblia

Answer 8

trophozoite and cyst

Question 9

What are the characteristics of Giardia trophs

Answer 9

2 nuclei, 4 pairs of flagella (8 total), smiley face, metabolizing, motile, ventral adhesive disc, binary asexual reproduction

Question 10

What animals tend to be reservoir hosts for G lamblia

Answer 10

beavers

Question 11

Explain antigenic variation

Answer 11

the ability of a parasite to change the proteins it presents to the hosts immune system, Giardia has VSP variant specific protein only in the troph, VSP can change with new host or new stage (troph to cysts and vice versa)

Question 12

How is Giardiasis diagnosed

Answer 12

fecal specimen show trophs or cysts, giardia antigens in feces

Question 13

How is Giardiasis treated

Answer 13

metronidazole

Question 14

What two species do we study from the Kinetoplastida group

Answer 14

Trypanosoma and Leishmania

Question 15

What phylum is Giardia in

Answer 15

Retortamonadea, diplomonadida

Question 16

What kind of parasites are in the Kinetoplastida group

Answer 16

protozoans

Question 16

What kind of parasites are in the Kinetoplastida group

Answer 16

protozoans

Question 17

What structural characteristics do kinetoplastida have

Answer 17

kinetoplast organelle, flagellum

Question 18

What are the Trypanosoma species we study and what diseases do they cause

Answer 18

T. brucei: African sleeping sickness

T. cruzi: chagas disease

Question 19

What does the kinetoplast organelle do?

Answer 19

DNA containing compartment within the mitochondria, metabolism purposes, can help mitochondria turn on or off at different stages in the life cycle

Question 20

What are the stages of kinetoplasts

Answer 20

Trypomastigote, epimastigote, Promastigote, amastigote

Question 21

Draw the stages of kinetoplasts and list if they are present in Leishmania (L) or Trypanosoma (T) or both (L,T)

Answer 21

Tryp- T
epi- TL
Pro- L
Amastigote- LT

Question 22

What stage is Leishmania in humans, where in the body are they

Answer 22

amastigotes inside of macrophages

Question 23

What is the primary vector of Leishmania, what stage is it when in this vector

Answer 23

the sandfly, goes from amastigote to promastigote in fly gut

Question 24

How does Leishmania attack the body in humans

Answer 24

it allows itself to be ingested by macrophages then reproduces inside of them, they inhibit normal macro enzymes, the phagolysosome and increase the pH to take control of it

Question 25

What are the two ways Leishmania are distributes in ecological terms

Answer 25

urban/ suburban method: through animals close to humans like livestock or pets wild: through wild animals that come in close contact with humans

Question 26

What is the scientific name of the vector for Leishmania

Answer 26

Phlebotomus, old world,

Question 27

What are common reservoir hosts for Leishmania, what stage are they in when they travel through them

Answer 27

dogs, rodents, sloths, wild dogs promastigote

Question 28

How is new world Leishmaniasis often transmitted

Answer 28

hunting or working in forests, sylvatic infection, sloths, rats, wild dogs

Question 29

How is old world Leishmaniasis often transmitted

Answer 29

through close contact of humans and domestic animals, zoonosis in rural areas, human to human in urban

Question 30

What are the 3 diseases you can get from Leishmania

Answer 30

Visceral, cutaneous, mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

Question 31

Explain what visceral leishmaniasis is and what other name is there for it

Answer 31

Kala Azar, infection of macrophages through multiple organs and the blood, fever, weight loss, enlarged spleen and liver, swollen lymph glands, anemia, low WBCs, low platelets

Question 32

What is post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis

Answer 32

when leishmaniasis becomes chronic, may show up years after successful treatment, dermal lesions show up containing parasites in big numbers

Question 33

Explain what cutaneous Leishmaniasis is

Answer 33

the infection stays at the initial bite site and the parasite invades the skin, amastigotes, sores, volcano appearance, raised edge, swollen glands might be near the sores

Question 34

How is cutaneous Leishmaniasis self limiting

Answer 34

chronic, self limiting dry ulceration at bite site, starts months after infection, parasites not outside lesion, granuloma forms for healing but scar is left, creates resistance for reinfection

Question 35

Explain what mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is and what other name does it have

Answer 35

espundia, caused by L braziliensis, oral and nasal ulcers, attack on mucous membrane tissue, destroy soft parts of nose, lips, soft palate, death through 2ary infections

Question 36

How is leishmania diagnosed

Answer 36

parasites in blood or lymph nodes or in scraping of ulcer,

Question 37

What drugs are used to treat Leishmaniasis

Answer 37

antimony (arsenic effects), Amphotericin B, Fluconazole, Pentamidine

Question 38

What are stercorarians and salivarians

Answer 38

stercorarians: poop while they eat salivarian: inject in saliva

Question 39

What genus involves stercorarian and salivarian vectors

Answer 39

Trypanosoma

Question 40

Match, T cruzi, T glossina to stercorarian and salivarian

Answer 40

cruzi: stercorarian glossina: salivarian

Question 41

What is the primary vector for T brucei, is it a stercorarian or salivarian

Answer 41

tsetse fly, salivarian

Question 42

What life stages are seen in T. brucei, where are they in the bodies of humans/vectors

Answer 42

trypomastigote (mammalian host blood) and epimastigote (insect vector)

Question 43

What disease does T brucei cause

Answer 43

sleeping sickness

Question 44

How do T brucei attack the body

Answer 44

multiply at bite site, cause inflammation "chancre", enter blood and lymphatic system

Question 45

What are the symptoms of African sleeping disease

Answer 45

winterbottom sign (large lymphs on neck), fever once in blood stream, facial edema, nausea, vomiting, back and bone pain

Question 46

Which is more fatal, T brucei gambiense or rhodesiense

Answer 46

rhodesiense is more fatal

Question 47

How long is the sleeping sickness incubation stage

Answer 47

1-2 weeks, asymptomatic,

Question 48

What is considered the second stage of trypanosomiasis

Answer 48

anemia and wasting

Question 49

What are the later stages of sleeping sickness like

Answer 49

parasite reaches CNS, meningoencephalitis, severe dementia, aggression, ends in coma, always fatal if untreated

Question 50

Which is faster in devloping, T, brucei gambiense or rhodesiense

Answer 50

rhodesiense within a month | gambiense in a year or two

Question 51

How is trypanosomiasis diagnosed

Answer 51

blood smear, lymph nodes, spinal fluid show parasites. often false negatives, agglutination test,

Question 52

Where in the world is Trypanosomiasis often found

Answer 52

central Africa mostly

Question 53

What genus does the Tsetse fly belong to

Answer 53

Glossina

Question 54

How is Trypanomiasis treated

Answer 54

difluoromethylornithine- for trypanosomes | melarsoprol- arsenic,

Question 55

What disease does Trypanosoma cruzi cause

Answer 55

Chagas disease

Question 56

What is the vector for Trypanosoma cruzi

Answer 56

kissing bug

Question 57

Who famously probably dies of Chagas disease

Answer 57

darwin

Question 58

What stages are T. cruzi when in bloodstream, in human cells?

Answer 58

trypomastigote, amastigote

Question 59

Describe Chagas disease

Answer 59

acute: romanas sign, flu symptoms, myocarditis, encephalitis, large liver and spleen intermediate/ latent- 10-30 years chronic- heart disease, sudden death, aneurism, megacolon, megaesophagus

Question 60

What are the characteristics of Trichomonads, what 2 species do we study

Answer 60

flagellated protists T vaginalis T foetus

Question 61

How is Trichomonas vaginalis transmitted

Answer 61

sexually, sometimes neonatal

Question 62

What stages does T vaginalis have

Answer 62

only trophozoite

Question 63

Where in the body are T vaginalis found

Answer 63

M- urogenital tract, seminal vesicles, prostate | F- vagina

Question 64

What structure does T vaginalis have

Answer 64

4 flagella, single nucleus, axostyle, granules: hydrogenosomes, undulating membrane

Question 65

What is the purpose of the hydrogenosome in T vaginalis?

Answer 65

carb metabolism, helps it survive in low vagina pH where there is little O2

Question 66

What kind of environment does T vaginalis need

Answer 66

facultative anaerobe, no O2 optional, no mitochondria

Question 67

Where in the world is T vaginalis found

Answer 67

cosmopolitan, worldwide, humans only host,

Question 68

What are the symptoms of T vaginalis infection

Answer 68

acute: vulvitis, yellow or green discharge, hemorragic spots in vagina chronic: mild, discharge, very asymptomatic

Question 69

What can the long term consequences of T vaginalis infection be for women

Answer 69

infertility, adverse pregnancy, preterm delivery, cervical carcinoma

Question 70

What STD comes hand in hand with T vaginalsis

Answer 70

HIV, more susceptible both ways

Question 71

How is T vaginalis diagnosed,

Answer 71

visual parasites in vaginal secretions, antigen detection test, probe test, PCR