chapter 3

Question 1

sensation

Answer 1

the conversion of energy from the environment into a pattern if responses by the nervous system

Question 2

Just Noticable Difference/JND

Answer 2

the smallest difference in the amount of stimulation that a specific sense can detect
example: increase or decreade in sound, light, smell, or touch

Question 3

transfuction/transducers

Answer 3

external stimuli is transformedor changed some from physical stimuli into chemical/neural stimulus

Question 4

accommodation to the eye

Answer 4

reflexive change in the lens of the eye to bring into sharp focus object at difference distances
*more difficult as we get older because gets t rigid and the ciliary muscles weaken

Question 5

when does transduction occur in the eye and ear?

Answer 5

retina and cochlea

Question 6

blind spot

Answer 6

area where optic nerve exits the retina and to thr brain

— no rods or cones

Question 7

trichromatic theory of color vision

Answer 7

• Thomas Young and Herman von Helmholtz
• primary hues
• eye has 3 distinct receptors for each color, each receptor responds to 1 of 3 primary colors

Question 8

opponent process theory of color vision

Answer 8

• color is perceived in 3 channels
• either-or-response made to pairs of antagonistic colors
• processors of blue-yellow, red-green, black-white
• each processor is capable of reaponding to either of two colors but not both simultaneously

Question 9

% of men affected my color vision/colorblind?

Answer 9

8%

Question 10

function of the pinna

Answer 10

• in ear and made of cartilage
• sound collection = main purpose
• not meant for decorating
• exterior part of ear
• “funnels” sound waves

Question 11

function of hair cells

Answer 11

convert physical stimulation into neural signals

- vibration= start of neural impulses which leave the ear and travel down auditory nerve to the temporal lobe of brain

Question 12

function of ossicles

Answer 12

• malleus(hammer), Incus(anvil), stapes(stirrup)
• stapes = smalleat hone in body
• form a chain of “levers” which extend from eardrum to oval window

Question 13

technical name for taste

Answer 13

gustation

Question 14

technicial name for smell

Answer 14

olfactory

Question 15

the receptor cells for taste and smell are called what?

Answer 15

chemoreceptors

Question 16

our sense of balance is called what?

Answer 16

vestibular sense

Question 17

our body position sense is called what?

Answer 17

kinesthetic sense

Question 18

motion sickness is caused by what?

Answer 18

overstimulation of fluid inside the cochlea

Question 19

retina

Answer 19

• neural tissue lining the inside back surface of the eye
• where neural process of vision begins…where light energy is “transduced/transferred” into neural energy, mostly on the back of the eye

Question 20

aqueous humor

Answer 20

• nourishes the cornea and structures at the front of the eye
• only found in front portion of the eye

Question 21

vitreous humor

Answer 21

• keeps the eyeball rounded by filling the space behind the lens
• fluid fills the interior parts of the eye, keeping the space filled and rounded

Question 22

hearing is in what brain lobe

Answer 22

temporal lobe

Question 23

fovea

Answer 23

tiny spot in the center of the retina that contains only cones
- cones are “detail oriented“ this allows us to read and see small details

Question 24

Ciliary muscles

Answer 24

small muscles attached to lens

– controls shape in focusing capability called accommodation

Question 25

Iris

Answer 25

- ring of muscle who’s pigmentation gives eye its characteristic color (blue,brown,hazel) - Regulates size of the pupil

Question 26

pupil

Answer 26

opening in the center of the iris that helps regulate the amount of light passing into the rear chamber of the eye - dilates or contracts depending on amount of light present in the environment

Question 27

Lens

Answer 27

- focuses on the light rays falling on the retina - transparent eye structure - thickness changes to focus image on retina - Cataracts affect this area

Question 28

Cornea

Answer 28

- serves as protection for the structures behind its tough, round, transparent shell of the eye - protects front of the eye - first point in which the light rays are bent as they enter the eye

Question 29

Cochlea

Answer 29

- A fluid filled coiled tunnel within the bone of the skull - where transduction occurs - receptor cells are located here when fluid moves inside the basilar membrane vibrates which causes the receptor cells (hair cells) to vibrate

Question 30

basilar membrane

Answer 30

runs the length of the cochlea and holds the auditory receptors called

Question 31

Oval window

Answer 31

a membrane similar to but smaller than the eardrum | - everything beyond the oval window is considered the inner ear

Question 32

what is another name for the pinna

Answer 32

auricle

Question 33

sensory interaction

Answer 33

taste and smell work together

Question 34

tastebuds

Answer 34

Buy your neural impulses when they absorb chemicals dissolved in your saliva

Question 35

How many taste buds do we have | can they regenerate

Answer 35

about 10,000 | yes