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ap psych > chapter 5&6 > Flashcards

chapter 5&6 Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

learning

A

A relatively permanent change in one’s behavior due to experience

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2
Q

response-stinulus Associations are to ___ and stimulus-stimulus Association‘s are to ___

A
  • operant conditioning

- classical conditioning

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3
Q

UCR

A

unlearned/natural response to a stimulus without conditioning

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4
Q

CR

A

Learned response to condition stimulus because association mode between two stimuli

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5
Q

UCS

A

Stimulus that evokes a natural response without conditioning

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6
Q

CS

A

previously neutral stimulus, but through conditioning, acquired unconditional response

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7
Q

classical conditioning

A

Type of learning in which an individual makes associations between a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

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8
Q

The first experimental studies of associative learning or conducted by who?

A

ivan Pavlov

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9
Q

John B Watson the father of what school of thought or Perspective

A

behaviorism

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10
Q

In Pavlovs experiments the dogs salivation triggered by the taste of food was a what?

A

Unconditioned response

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11
Q

in Pavlovs experiments the dog salvation triggered by the sound of a tone was a what?

A

Conditioned response

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12
Q

A childs fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is what kind of response?

A

Unconditioned response

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13
Q

if a tone causes a dog to salivate because it has regular been associated with the presentation of food, the tone is called a what?

A

conditioned stimulus

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14
Q

In Pavlovs classical conditioning experiment with his dogs, the ___ signal the end petting occurrence of the ___

A
  • CS

- UCS

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15
Q

what did John B Watson believe that human character development

A

environment is a big factor

- observable

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16
Q

Spontaneous recovery refers to?

A

reappearence of an extinguished response after a certain time period 

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17
Q

extinction occurs when a ___ is no longer paired with a ___

A
  • CR

- UCR

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18
Q

Toddlers talk to you for your speeding cars they also began to for your speeding Truxion motorcycles. This best illustrates what?

A

generalization

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19
Q

John B Watson study of little Albert demonstrate what

A

manufacturing of a phobia

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20
Q

after learning to fear a way rat, little Aber responded with fear to the site of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of what?

A

generalization

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21
Q

P.S Skinners work elaborated on what E.L Thorndike had called?

A

Law of Effect- he responds in presence of stimulus leads to satisfy effects, association between similar and response is strength and

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22
Q

Describe the skinner box

A

A chamber and which a rat would be “shaped” or “trained” to do a certain behavior

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23
Q

you would most likely use operant conditioning to teach a dog to do what?

A

learn new behaviors

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24
Q

what are succesive approximations

A

 shaping, hot/cold game; approximation of desired response

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25
an event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a what?
positive reinforcement
26
fixed ratio schedule
reinforcer is given to a fixed number of non-reinforced responses ex- student gets reward if homework is turned in on time five times in a row
27
A varied interval schedule
reinforcer is given for first response after variable time interval has elapsed (varies) ex- fishing
28
variable ratio schedule
reinforcer is given after a verbal number of non-reinforced responses (after diff # of correct responses) ex- slot machine
29
Fixed interval schedule
``` reinforcer is given for first response after a fixed interval has elapsed (10,20,30 seconds) ex- students work quietly in class but must wait till class is over to get reward ```
30
an aversive consequence that decreases the reoccurrence of the behavior that precedes it is a what?
punishment
31
for purposes of effective child-rearing, most psychologists favor the use of punishments or reinforces to increase behavior and or deal with bad behavior?
reinforcement
32
if psychologist don’t like the use of physical punishment, what are the reasons?
causes resentment and fear towards the person giving the punishment
33
cognitive map
Mental representation/picture of a physical environment due to learning
34
the desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves?
extrinsic motivation
35
According to B.F Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by what?
external influences | - environment, rewards, punishment
36
And I won’t know experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated bobo doll that an adult had just beaten up the experiment served to illustrate the importance of?
how you act around kids and not doing things you don’t want them to see/do
37
Encoding
The process of forming: putting info into a memory
38
The process of getting information out of memory storage is called what?
retrieval
39
flashbulb memory would typically be stores in ____ memory?
long term
40
automatic processing
tasks that can be done without the need for conscious attention
41
the conscious Repetition of information in order to maintain it in memory is called?
maintenance rehearsal
42
spacing effect
Learning is more effective when studying time is spaced out
43
primacy effect versus recency effect
- remember first items | - remember last items
44
neurotransmitter associated with memory as well as Alzheimer’s
acetylcholine
45
Structure of the brain responsible for transferring STM to LTM
hippocampus
46
The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than in the middle items is known as the ____ affect?
serial-order
47
semantic encoding
When a word, phrase, or picture is encoded on the basis of meaning rather than the sound or vision of it
48
mnemonic device
Specific and coding technique that can aid retrieval by helping organize and add meaningfulness to new material
49
method of Loci
A pneumonic device that calls for linking the items on a list with a memorize list of places - associating items to be remembed with a well-known location(s)
50
Acronyms
``` a mnemonic device Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior ```
51
Chunking
A group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit
52
Narrative chaining
technique to improve retrieval by creating a story
53
being able to imagine a word or phrase does what to your ability to remember it
helps form concepts or terms with mental images
54
Schemas and how they affect memory
an internal organized general knowledge system stored in LTM to help us organize information -past experiences
55
Over learning
process of practicing for rehearsing material over and above what is needed to learn it 
56
Distributive practice versus mass practice
- overtime studying (spreading/distributing learning) | - cramming in a short period of time
57
Flashbulb memories and their accuracy
vivid and detailed recollection of momentous events
58
Relearning
the change in performance that occurs when a person is required to learn material for a second time
59
the clive wearing case
A man without LTM because of viral infection that attacked his Hippocamppus - can no longer transfer STM to LTM
60
Amnesia associated with damage to what part of the brain?
hippocampus
61
autobiographical memory seems to develop when?
3-4 years old
62
Episodic memory
remember a particular event or episode
63
The formation of new memories probably increases the formation of what?
LTM
64
evidence suggests that we can recall true memories of events that happened to us at what age?
3+
65
Iconic memory
visual - The sparkler effect - Flading photographic memory which only lasts a few tenths of a second
66
Sensory memory
reserve info in original sensory form for brief time (fraction of a second) 
67
echoic memory
- auditory | - fleeting auditory memory of sounds or phrases
68
STM and LTM capacity and duration
STM- limited capacity (20-30 seconds 5-7 pieces of info) | LTM- unlimited capacity
69
retrieval cues
aspects of an individuals physical and cognitive which aid the recall process
70
state dependent memory
same emotional state when recalling as encoding
71
misinformation effect
The tendency for post-event information to interfere with the memory of the original event
72
Functions associated with the hippocampus
forming long term memories

ap psych (3 decks)

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