Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

vertebral column

A

derived from notochord
series of bone/cartilage blocks
defines central axis of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

vertebrae

A

series of bone/cartilage blocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

neural spine and neural arch

A

covering the nerve cord (spinal cord)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

centrum

A

body of vertebrae with a cushioning intervertebral disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

hemal spine and hemal arch

A

covers blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cranium

A

cartilage/bone plates protects the brain and sensory organs
neural crest cells (found only in vertebrates) are used to help build the cranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

neural crest cells

A

only vertebrates have these and the things that they give rise to
they are embryonic and build features that distinguish vertebrates from others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cephalochordate

A

peaceful protochordates
amphioxus-like, filter feeding, sinu venosus, hepatic cecum, myomeres… most resemble vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

agnathan

A

first vertebrates. first fish. muscular pumping pharynx, cartilage replaces collagen in pharynx
-bigger appetite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

gnathostome

A

powerful jaw for biting prey. body grows larger. predatory nature. powerful pharyngeal pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

agnathans

A

diverse jawless fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

conodonts

A

dentin (bone like) rasping mechanism in mouth. relationship to later species unclear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

endoskeleton

A

cartilage, strengthens the notochord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

exoskeleton

A

bony plates to protect soft bodies, head shields, first bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ostracoderms

A

elaborate skeletons, ancestors to gnathostomes, ostracoderms extinct now

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

myxini (hagfish)

A

found today at bottom of oceans
feeding on dead fish
no vertebrae
but have cranium
eat dead stuff
burrow into carcasses of dead fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pteraspidomorphi

A

extinct ostracoderms with head shields

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cephalaspidomorpha (includes lamprey)

A

unusual single nasal opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

lamprey

A

mostly marine- all return to freshwater to spawn
most are parasitic: sucking the blood of other fishes
anatomical features:
brain present, encased in full cranium
cartilage endoskeleton strengthens notochord
primitive vertebrae
complex gills
heart (sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle)
paired fins, jaws, bones are absent)

20
Q

gnathostome diversity, developments during the silurian period

A

jaws, paired fins (pectoral and pelvic), cartilage/ bone endoskeleton for fin articulation, agile swimming

21
Q

placoderms

A

looked like ostracoderms, but they jaws
heavy bony plates protected body
all extinct

22
Q

chondrichthyes

A

very successful
cartilaginous fish
trace of bone is present on teeth and scales
radiation during carboniferous period caused placoderms to go belly up
constant swimming, and hydrodynamic shape keeps fish afloat
bone, as a tissue, has been around since the cambrian

23
Q

elasmobranchs

A

sharks, skates, rays (700 species), most successful group of cartilaginous fish, most predatory with replaceable rows of teeth
unusual features:
rays have a flattened body and large pectoral fins
first gill slit modified (spiracle)
spiracle for breathing water into pharynx
mating is internal fertilization (clasper present)
fertilized eggs can be kept up until hatching

24
Q

whale shark

A

largest, 20 m long whale shark

25
osteicthyes
most vertebrates (past or present) are bony fish appearance of bone not gradual- was present from the start air-filled swimm bladders aid buoyancy gill openings are covered by a flap (operculum) some use lungs to supplement / replace gills surface covered in hard scales (some containing enamel = ganoid scales)
26
actinopterygians
largest division of bony fish fins supported by "rays" (lepidotrichia) sturgeon (largest freshwater fish) is one of the last remaining examples of early forms (chondrostei) include most common fish: salmon, trout, pike, herring, catfish teleost = common name for majority
27
sarcopterygians
small but important group fleshy-finned fish lungfish (dipnoi) are able to breathe air lobe-finned fish (crossopterygians): coelacanth is only survivor rhipidistians were the ancestors of amphibians complex teeth = labryinthodont teeth
28
rhipidistians
pattern of small bones in cranium shared with amphibians labryinthodont teeth shared with amphibians fleshy fins with same bones as tetrapods
29
tetrapods
four legged animals derived from rhipidistians during devonian period first four legged animals were amphibians
30
amphibians
frogs, toads, salamanders, caecilians ADULTS AND LARVAE -scales and labyrinthodont teeth (primitive characteristics in some) - larvae with lateral lines and gills -adults: limbs with digits, appendicular skeleton/ muscle well developed, lungs, able to hear in air NOT FULLY TERRESTRIAL -external fertilization: eggs laid in water -eggs protected only by a jelly layer -metamorphosis in water: larval to adult -moist adult
31
amniotes
-eggs protected with membranes (amnion) and shell -internal fertilization -eggs hatch outside body (except mammals) -adapting to life away from water -first amniotes from carboniferous period (300 mya) =cotylosaurs (stem reptiles
32
anapsids
amphibians, no temporal fenestrae, turtles only remaining members, carapace dorsal, plastron ventral
33
synapsids
early and late mammals, one pair of temporal fenestrae
34
diapsids
dinosaurs, birds, lizards, two pairs of temporal fenestrae (holes in head)
35
sauropsid
everything but synapsid, usually considered reptile group
36
sauropsids (reptiles)
thick keratinized skin, lungs only
37
diapsid
GROUP ONE into water: ichthyosaur, plesiosaur lepidosaurs on land: -snakes, lizards, sphenodon GROUP TWO archosaurs "ruling reptile" -crocodilians, birds (survive) -pterosaurs (powered flight) -dinosaurs
38
do modern birds have two pairs of temporal fenestrae, even though they are diapsid?
no! crocodilians are the only ones that still
39
birds
-not only animal to fly, but only one with feathers -body modified for a large number of different lifestyles
40
archaeopteryx
transition reptile with feathers, front claws, tail, teeth
41
pelycosaurs
early synapsid-reptiles successful, sail-backed reps, dominated permian for 40 million years
42
therapsid
mammal-like reps, first in late permian, shrew to hippo
43
mammals
appeared in triassic 225 mya (from therapsids) -endotherm, hair, legs beneath body, mammary glands, large brain
44
monotremes
duckbill platypus, egg-laying
45
marsupials
kangaroos, live-birth, but no placenta
46
placental
all other mammals, live-birth using a placenta, numerous specialized species, some returned to water: cetaceans, some got smart in the trees: primates

Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions