Chapter 3

Question 1

Spermism

Answer 1

Fathers contribute essential characteristics while mothers only deliver the child (Pythagoras)

Question 2

character

Answer 2

heritable feature that varies among individuals of a population

Question 3

trait

Answer 3

a variant of a character found within a population

Question 4

allele

Answer 4

alternative version of a gene

Question 5

genotype

Answer 5

genetic makeup of an organism

Question 6

phenotype

Answer 6

expressed traits of an organism

Question 7

Mendel’s manipulation

Answer 7

he removed the stamen from the developing flower buds before they produce pollen

Question 8

cross fertilization

Answer 8

pollen was taken from another flower and dusted in on the pistil of another

Question 9

P generation

Answer 9

true breeding parental plants

Question 10

F1 generation

Answer 10

progeny of P generation mating

Question 11

Characteristics that were controlled by Mendel

Answer 11

• seed coat color/ flower color
• seed color
• seed shape
  (7 total)

Question 12

Monohybrid Cross

Answer 12

Cross between true breeding strains (Mendel Used Peas)

Question 13

T/F Reciprocal crosses can result in same outcome.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Mendel Hypothesis 1

Answer 14

Alternative versions of genes (alleles) account for variation in inherited characters

Question 15

Mendel Hypothesis 2

Answer 15

for each character an organism inherits two alleles (one from each parent)

Question 16

Homozygous

Answer 16

two identical alleles

Question 17

Heterozygous

Answer 17

two different alleles

Question 18

Hypothesis 3

Answer 18

if two alleles of an inherited pair differ, then the dominant allele determines the organism’s phenotype.

Question 19

Mendel’s First Law- Principle of Segregation

Answer 19

members of a gene pair segregate from each other during the formation of gametes in meiosis

Question 20

Albinism

Answer 20

results from inheritance of recessive alleles

Question 21

Product rule (and)

Answer 21

probability of two independent events occurring simultaneously is a product of each individual probability.

Question 22

Sum Rule (or)

Answer 22

combine probability of two events that are mutually exclusive is the sum of the individual probabilities

Question 23

Test cross

Answer 23

helps to identify the genotype of an organism with a dominant trait by examining its phenotype

Question 24

Mendel’s second law- Law of independent assortment

Answer 24

alleles of different genes separate independently of each other during gamete formation

Question 25

Chi-Squared test

Answer 25

compares expected data against collected data

Question 26

Goodness of fit test

Answer 26

measures how well the observed data fits the expected data

Question 27

Null Hypothesis

Answer 27

Hypothesis that there is no real difference between observed data and predicted data

Question 28

reject null hypothesis

Answer 28

something external/ environmental influenced the data

Question 29

Fail to reject Null

Answer 29

No real difference between observed data and predicted data

Question 30

Degrees of freedom

Answer 30

n-1 (n= number of variables)

Question 31

Autosomal recessive

Answer 31

only appears with homozygous recessive

Question 32

autosomal dominant

Answer 32

appears with homozygous dominant and heterozygous dominant

Question 33

X-linked recessive

Answer 33

appears in female-homozygous recessive and males with one copy of recessive allele

Question 34

X-linked Dominant

Answer 34

appears in female homozygous/ heterozygous dominant. Males with one copy of dominant trait

Question 35

Y-linked

Answer 35

only males are affected, thought of as if copy/trait is present or not

Question 36

Achondroplasia (dwarfism)

Answer 36

Autosomal heterozygous dominant (Aa)

Question 37

SRY Gene

Answer 37

Testis-determining factor (karyotype XXY)

Question 38

Hemizygous

Answer 38

only have one allele copy

Question 39

Hemophilia (clotting gene mutation)

Answer 39

X-linked Homozygous recessive (XhXh, XhY)

Question 40

Viral Vector

Answer 40

modified virus that delivers gene to nucleus (nontoxic)

Question 41

X-linked Dominant trait

Answer 41

same rules as X-recessive but heterozygous females express trait

Question 42

Examples of X-linked Dominant diseases

Answer 42

• Vitamin D resistant rickets
• Fragile X syndrome

Question 43

Examples of X-linked recessive diseases

Answer 43

• Hemophilia
• red-green colorblindness

Question 44

Y-linked traits

Answer 44

-transfers father to sons only
- gene in nonhomologous portion of the Y chromosome

Question 45

What two genotypes are crossed in a test cross?

Answer 45

Phenotypically dominant and phenotypically recessive