Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Spermism

A

Fathers contribute essential characteristics while mothers only deliver the child (Pythagoras)

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2
Q

character

A

heritable feature that varies among individuals of a population

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3
Q

trait

A

a variant of a character found within a population

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4
Q

allele

A

alternative version of a gene

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5
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of an organism

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6
Q

phenotype

A

expressed traits of an organism

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7
Q

Mendel’s manipulation

A

he removed the stamen from the developing flower buds before they produce pollen

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8
Q

cross fertilization

A

pollen was taken from another flower and dusted in on the pistil of another

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9
Q

P generation

A

true breeding parental plants

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10
Q

F1 generation

A

progeny of P generation mating

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11
Q

Characteristics that were controlled by Mendel

A
  • seed coat color/ flower color
  • seed color
  • seed shape
    (7 total)
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12
Q

Monohybrid Cross

A

Cross between true breeding strains (Mendel Used Peas)

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13
Q

T/F Reciprocal crosses can result in same outcome.

A

True

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14
Q

Mendel Hypothesis 1

A

Alternative versions of genes (alleles) account for variation in inherited characters

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15
Q

Mendel Hypothesis 2

A

for each character an organism inherits two alleles (one from each parent)

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16
Q

Homozygous

A

two identical alleles

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17
Q

Heterozygous

A

two different alleles

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18
Q

Hypothesis 3

A

if two alleles of an inherited pair differ, then the dominant allele determines the organism’s phenotype.

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19
Q

Mendel’s First Law- Principle of Segregation

A

members of a gene pair segregate from each other during the formation of gametes in meiosis

20
Q

Albinism

A

results from inheritance of recessive alleles

21
Q

Product rule (and)

A

probability of two independent events occurring simultaneously is a product of each individual probability.

22
Q

Sum Rule (or)

A

combine probability of two events that are mutually exclusive is the sum of the individual probabilities

23
Q

Test cross

A

helps to identify the genotype of an organism with a dominant trait by examining its phenotype

24
Q

Mendel’s second law- Law of independent assortment

A

alleles of different genes separate independently of each other during gamete formation

25
Q

Chi-Squared test

A

compares expected data against collected data

26
Q

Goodness of fit test

A

measures how well the observed data fits the expected data

27
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

Hypothesis that there is no real difference between observed data and predicted data

28
Q

reject null hypothesis

A

something external/ environmental influenced the data

29
Q

Fail to reject Null

A

No real difference between observed data and predicted data

30
Q

Degrees of freedom

A

n-1 (n= number of variables)

31
Q

Autosomal recessive

A

only appears with homozygous recessive

32
Q

autosomal dominant

A

appears with homozygous dominant and heterozygous dominant

33
Q

X-linked recessive

A

appears in female-homozygous recessive and males with one copy of recessive allele

34
Q

X-linked Dominant

A

appears in female homozygous/ heterozygous dominant. Males with one copy of dominant trait

35
Q

Y-linked

A

only males are affected, thought of as if copy/trait is present or not

36
Q

Achondroplasia (dwarfism)

A

Autosomal heterozygous dominant (Aa)

37
Q

SRY Gene

A

Testis-determining factor (karyotype XXY)

38
Q

Hemizygous

A

only have one allele copy

39
Q

Hemophilia (clotting gene mutation)

A

X-linked Homozygous recessive (XhXh, XhY)

40
Q

Viral Vector

A

modified virus that delivers gene to nucleus (nontoxic)

41
Q

X-linked Dominant trait

A

same rules as X-recessive but heterozygous females express trait

42
Q

Examples of X-linked Dominant diseases

A
  • Vitamin D resistant rickets
  • Fragile X syndrome
43
Q

Examples of X-linked recessive diseases

A
  • Hemophilia
  • red-green colorblindness
44
Q

Y-linked traits

A

-transfers father to sons only
- gene in nonhomologous portion of the Y chromosome

45
Q

What two genotypes are crossed in a test cross?

A

Phenotypically dominant and phenotypically recessive