Chapter 3 Flashcards
What is amblyopia?
Poor vision in one eye secondary to visual deprivation in the first decade.
It is important to retrain an amblyopic eye as fast as possible, as if the dominant eye is not patched or penalized, then the poor vision may be permanent
What is diplopia?
Double vision.
Can be monocular or binocular. If binocular it is likely caused by strabismus, where the fovea of one eye is not directed at the same object as the other’s
What is the defining feature of wet AMD vs dry AMD?
The presence of aberrant blood vessels leaking fluid in the central retina.
The growth caused by new blood vessels under the macula is called neovascular net or choroidal neovascularization. It can cause severe, rapid loss of central vision and is commonly treated with injections, laser surgery, photodynamic therapy, or supplements
In what condition do the orbital contents swell, pushing the eyeball forward?
Exophthalmus (proptosis).
Any increase in the volume of orbital contents will push the eyeball forward due to it being made of solid bone and the only opening being the eyes
What differentiates pterygia from pingueculae?
Pterygia extend on to the surface of the cornea.
Pingueculae are benign growth in the bulbar conjunctiva. Pterygia is the same but that has grown on to the cornea and can cause irritation, redness, fbs, blurred vision, and photophobia
POAG results in damage to what part of the eye?
Optic nerve.
In POAG, the anterior change angle appears in normal position. Resistance to aqueous drainage occurs in the outflow channels between the trabecular meshwork and the episcleral blood vessels of the body’s circulation usually causing the the IOP to rise slowly over time
What is the term for an inward deviation that occurs when only one eye is covered?
Esophoria.
ESO means inward, phoria means it is latent so it requires cross cover testing for it to be present. Manifest or tropias are present all the time
An embolic retinal artery occlusion is best classified as what type of process?
Ischemic.
Ischemia is the term given to a severe reduction in blood supply to any part of the body. Even a short period of hypoxia (loss of oxygen) can lead to damage or death of the relevant cells
What is the term for an abnormal physical change that a physician observes during an exam?
Sign.
Signs can be the same as symptoms, which are what the patient experiences. Syndromes are a set of signs and symptoms that are characteristic of a specific condition or disease
What is the cause of presbyopia?
Progressive hardening of the crystalline lens.
As one ages the elasticity of the lens gradually decreases. By age 40, the ability of the lens to accommodate for near vision has been lost enough to require reading glasses
What is a chalazion?
A lump that develops after inflammation or infection,
Infection of a meibomian gland results in an abscess of the inner eyelid called an internal hordeolum. Inflammation can remain long afterwards forming a chalazion that may require surgical removal
What term best describes pooling of white blood cells at the bottom of the anterior chamber in the setting of an infectious or inflammatory process?
Hypopyon.
If lesions (breaks in the tissue) of the cornea become infected, then the epithelium becomes eroded and the cornea loses its transparency. The white blood cells and pus accumulate in the anterior chamber, a condition called hypopyon
What sign or symptoms strongly differentiate a retinal detachment from a PVD?
A new, unilateral peripheral defect in CVFs.
A curtain may move across the eye causes peripheral abnormalities and painless loss of vision
What term describes bilateral, elevated optic nerves due to increased intracranial pressure?
Papilledema.
Increased pressure in the skull can cause swelling of the optic discs with engorged blood vessels, cotton wool spots, and hemorrhages
