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HHD 3/4 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

High blood pressure
‘hypertension’

A

When blood is being pumped through the arteries at a harder and faster rate that is considered normal/healthy.

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2
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Refers to the build-up of plaque on blood vessel walls, narrowing and hardening arteries, making it harder for blood to get through.

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3
Q

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

A

Encompasses ALL diseases of the heart and blood vessels (including heart, stroke and vascular diseases). Caused mainly by reduced blood supply to the heart, brain and legs (usually caused by atherosclerosis).

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4
Q

Cancer

A

A range of diseases categorised by uncontrolled and abnormal cell growth. Cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body causing further damage.

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5
Q

Diabetes mellitus
-type 1, type 2, gestational

A

A metabolic disease which leads to high blood glucose levels from defective insulin secretion(Type 1), insulin action(Type 2) or both.

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6
Q

Impaired glucose regulation (insulin resistance)

A

Occurs when the cells become resistant to the action of insulin, preventing glucose from being absorbed by the cells. Is a precursor to type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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7
Q

BMI – Body Mass Index

A

A statistical measure of body mass using height and weight.
Formula: BMI=weight(kg)/height(m)2

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8
Q

Overweight

A

Having a BMI of 25 - 29.9

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9
Q

Obese

A

Having a BMI of 30 and over

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10
Q

High BMI

A

When a person has a BMI of 25 or higher
(this is categorised as overweight or obese).

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11
Q

Underweight

A

Having a BMI of 18.5 and under

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12
Q

Iron deficiency (anaemia)

A

A condition characterised by a reduced ability of the body to deliver enough oxygen to the cells due to a lack of healthy blood cells. In this case due to insufficient iron.

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13
Q

Low birth weight

A

A baby born under 2.5kg.

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14
Q

Asthma

A

A chronic condition that affects the small air passages of the lungs. When exposed to certain triggers the airways narrow, making it difficult to breathe.

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15
Q

Musculoskeletal conditions

A

Ill health related to the muscles, joints and bones.

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16
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Refers to porous bones, where the bone density thins and weakens, resulting in an increased risk of fracture (breakage).

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17
Q

Arthritis

A

A term used to describe a disorder of one or more joints.

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18
Q

osteoarthritis

A

A group of diseases involving the degradation of joints and cartilage, causing stiffness and tenderness in the joints, as well as inflammation, pain and locking. Mainly due to wear of the cartilage over years.

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19
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
(lungs)

A

A progressive and disabling long-term lung diseases where damage to the lungs obstructs oxygen intake and causes increasing shortness of breath. eg emphysema.

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20
Q

Mental health disorders

A

Disturbances of mood that can affect behaviour and distress the person, so that the person has trouble functioning normally. They include anxiety disorders and depression.

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21
Q

Dementia

A

Dementia describes a collection of symptoms that are caused by disorders affecting the brain. It is not one specific disease.
Dementia affects thinking, behaviour and the ability to perform everyday tasks. Brain function is affected enough to interfere with the person’s normal social or working life.
Leading cause is Alzheimer’s Disease.

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22
Q

Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

A

An umbrella term that describes a range of conditions that can occur in children exposed to alcohol before birth.

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23
Q

Cirrhosis (of liver)

A

Is a type of liver damage where healthy cells are replaced by scar tissue. The liver is unable to perform its vital functions of metabolism, production of proteins, including blood clotting factors, and filtering of drugs and toxins.

24
Q

Neural tube defects

A

Conditions characterised by damage to the brain and spine, and to the nerve tissue of the spinal cord during prenatal development. eg spina bifida.

25
Q

Coronary Heart disease (CHD)

A

Occurs when there is a **blockage in coronary arteries **(the ones that supply blood to the heart). Includes Heart attack and Angina

26
Q

Heart attack

A

an acute life-threatening event when the blood vessel supplying the heart is suddenly completely blocked, threatening to damage the heart muscle and its function, requiring prompt treatment.

27
Q

Angina

A

a chronic condition in which short episodes of chest pain can occur periodically when the heart has a temporary deficiency in its blood supply.

28
Q

Cerebrovascular disease

A

Stroke occurs when an artery supplying blood to the brain either suddenly becomes blocked (known as ischaemic stroke) or ruptures and begins to bleed (known as haemorrhagic stroke). Results in portions of brain dying.

29
Q

Colorectal cancer

A

Cancer that develops in the colon (large intestine) and rectum is called colorectal cancer. It begins as non-cancerous polyps (grape-like growths) on the lining of the colon and they can develop into cancer if not removed.

30
Q

Lung Cancer

A

Tumour (collection of cancerous cells) developing in the lungs. Primary cause is smoking. The chemicals in tobacco smoke damage the P53 gene in the lungs responsible for cell renewal, causing abnormal cells to grow and leading to the development of lung cancer.

31
Q

Type 2 Diabetes (most common)

A
  • The body usually produces enough insulin, but its action is ineffective. This may be due to excess fat which has damaged the insulin receptors in cells
  • This can lead to insulin resistance
  • Glucose is trapped in the bloodstream leading to uncontrolled blood sugar (glucose) levels and impaired glucose regulation
32
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A
  • The pancreas stops making insulin
  • The cells producing insulin are destroyed and the glucose in the blood cannot be controlled resulting in high blood glucose levels
  • Daily insulin injections required …for life
  • Non-diet related, not preventable
33
Q

Gestational diabetes

A
  • Occurs during pregnancy in some women, where the pancreas has difficulty producing enough insulin to control blood sugar (glucose) levels. Can be caused by the excess weight gained during pregnancy.
  • after the birth the condition usually disappears.
34
Q

Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes

A
  • Well balanced diet,
  • weight management,
  • physical activity
35
Q

Complications from Type 2 Diabetes

A
  • Heart and blood vessel disease
  • Nerve damage (neuropathy).
  • Kidney damage
  • Eye Damage
  • Foot Damage
  • Hearing impairment
  • Skin conditions
  • Alzheimers disease (connection unclear)
36
Q

Treatments of CVD

A
  • Medication (Reducing Blood clotting, Blood pressure, Blood cholesterol)
  • Heart Bypass surgery
  • Angioplasty
37
Q

Prevention of CVD

A
  • Well balanced diet
  • weight management
  • physical activity (30 mins a day)
38
Q

Treatment of Cancer

A
  • Surgery
  • Chemotherapy
  • Radiotherapy
39
Q

Prevention of Cancer

A
  • Balanced diet (healthy body weight)
  • Fruits and vegetables
  • Fibre (colorectal cancer)
  • Don’t smoke tobacco
  • Don’t drink alcohol (liver cancer)
  • Wear sunscreen (skin cancer)
  • Screening tests
40
Q

Risks of Smoking

A
  • CVD
  • Cancer (lung, throat etc)
  • Low birth weight of children
  • Asthma
  • Increased risk of infection
41
Q

Risks of Low birth weight

A
  • Underdeveloped immune systems
  • Death
  • Asthma
42
Q

Risks of alcohol

A
  • Obesity
  • Type 2 Diabetes
  • CVD
  • Cancer
  • Liver damage
  • FASD
  • Suicide
  • Risk taking behaviour
43
Q

Risks of High BMI

A
  • Hypertension
  • CVD
  • Colorectal & breast cancer
  • Type 2 Diabetes
  • Kidney disease
  • Athritis
  • Osteoporosis
  • Asthma
  • Mental health issues
44
Q

Fruit and Vegetables

are high in:

A
  • Vitamins and minerals
  • Dietary fibre
  • Antioxidants
45
Q

Fruit and Vegetables

are low in:

A
  • Energy
46
Q

Antioxidants

A

Neutralise free radicals that damage cells (leading to CVD and cancer)

47
Q

Dairy

is high in:

A
  • Calcium
  • Phosphorous
  • Protein
48
Q

Underconsumption of dairy

leads to:

A
  • Osteoporosis
  • CVD
  • Colorectal Cancer
  • Type 2 Diabetes
  • Dental Caries
49
Q

Overconsumption of any fats

lead to:

A

Obesity

50
Q

Saturated fats

A
  • ↑ LDL levels
  • Animal origin
51
Q

Monounsaturated fats

A
  • ↓ LDL levels
  • In olives, avocado, nuts
52
Q

Polyunsaturated fats

A
  • ↓LDL levels
  • ↑HDL levels
  • Reduces blood clots and inflamation
  • In oily fish
53
Q

Trans fats

A
  • ↑LDL levels
  • Also interferes with cell membrane structure - ↑ Type 2 diabetes
  • In processed foods
54
Q

Overconsumption of salt

leads to:

A
  • Hypertension
  • Heart Failure
  • Stroke
  • Osteoporosis
55
Q

Overconsumption of sugar

leads to:

A
  • Overweight and obesity
  • Dental caries
  • Gum disease
56
Q

Benefits of Fibre

A
  • Promotes feelings of fullness
  • Adds bulk to faeces
  • Keeps bowel motions regular (reducing risk of colorectal cancer)

HHD 3/4 (7 decks)

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