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Summer Bio Final - All Notes > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Large carbon based molecules are termed _____. These are composed of smaller building blocks called _____. These link together to form ______.,

A

Macromolecules, Monomers, Polymers

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2
Q

What is Dehydration Reaction?,

A

When a bond is formed through the LOSS of a water molecule. (H from one monomer and -OH from another)

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3
Q

What is Hydrolisis Reaction?,

A

When a polymer is broken down by the ADDITION of a water molecule.

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4
Q

What are Functional Groups?,

A

Chemically reactive groups that change hydrocarbons into molecules with a range of useful chemical and physical properties.

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5
Q

What are the Functional Groups?

A

Hydroxyl (OH), Carboxyl (CO OH), Amino (NH2), Phosphate (OPO32-), Methyl (CH3).

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6
Q

Which Functional Groups are Polar and Which are Non-Polar?,

A

Polar: Hydroxyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Phosphate
Non-Polar: Methyl

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7
Q

Where would the Functional Groups be found?,

A

Hydroxyl: Alcohol and sugars
Carboxyl: Carboxylic acids, proteins, fatty acids
Amino: Proteins
Phosphate: ATP, Nucleotides
Methyl: DNA

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8
Q

What are carbohydrates and theyr monomers and polymers?,

A

Carbohydrates are energy storage for all organisms. They have single sugar monomers and simple sugar polymers.

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9
Q

What 2 functional groups make up carbohydrates?,

A

Hydroxyl and Carboxyl. (Carbohydrates have hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen).

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10
Q

What are monosaccharides?,

A

They are simple sugars, like Glucose and Fructose. They are the main fuel for cells to work.

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11
Q

What are disaccharides?,

A

Those are 2 monosaccharides linked through DEHYDRATION. Examples are Sucrose (Glucose and Fructose), Maltose (Glucose and Glucose), and Lactose (Galactose and Glucose).

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12
Q

What are Polysaccharides?,

A

2+ monosaccharides that are linked together to form a bigger molecule. Some of the main ones include Starch, cellulose, and glycogen.

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13
Q

What are the locations and function of the three main polysaccharides?,

A

Starch: Located in the plant cells and they are the energy storage in fruits and flowers.
Glycogen: Located in animal liver cells and skeletal muscles, energy storage for animals.
Cellulose: Located in the plant cell wall and are used for structure of the plant.

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14
Q

Why can the human digestive system not break down cellulose?,

A

Because we don’t have the enzyme that breaks it down.

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15
Q

What are isomers?,

A

Isomers are two organic molecules that have the same molecular formula but a different shape and and behave differently. Ex) C6H12O6.

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16
Q

What are lipids and their polymer and monomer?,

A

Lipids are a diverse group of compounds that are primarily made of hydrogen and carbon. They include Triglycerides (neutral fats), phospholipids, waxes, and steroids. THEIR MOST IMPORTANT PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION IS MAKING UP A MAJOR COMPONENT OF CELLULAR MEMBRANES. Their polymers are triglycerides and their monomers are fatty acids.

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17
Q

What are triglycerides?,

A

They are three fatty acid chains bound to a glycerol molecule.

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18
Q

What are fatty acids?,

A

They are long hydrocarbon chains that have a carboxyl functinoal group at the end of the molecule. Fatty acid chains vary in length.

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19
Q

What is Glycerol?,

A

3 carbon alcohol (three -OH groups in a single molecule).

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20
Q

What are saturated fats?,

A

When a fatty acid chain has the maximum numbler of Hs attatched. The arrangement makes the fatty acid chain straight and allows it to be packed tightly together. It has single C-C bonds, and are usually solud at room temperatures.

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21
Q

What are unsaturated fats?,

A

These have double bonds, which means the carbons are missing hydrogen atoms. They have a kink to them which prevents them from being tightly packed together. They are usually liquid at room temperature.

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22
Q

What are monosaturated and polysaturated unsaturated fats?,

A

If an unsaturated fatty acid has one double bond, it is monosaturated. If it has more than one double bond, then it is polysaturated.

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23
Q

Why are unsaturated fats considered to be the ‘good fats’?,

A

Because they help lower LDL cholestorol levels and reduce risk of heart disease.

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24
Q

What is the difference in a stick of margerine vs margerine in spray cans?,

A

A stick has more saturated fats and liquid has more unsaturated fats.

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25
What are phospholipids?,
They are a major component of cell membranes in bacteria and eukaryotes. The structure is similar to triglycerides, but phospholipids have two groups of hydrophilic heads.
26
Describe the structure of a phospholipid. What part is hydrophobic and what part is hydrophilic?,
The heads on phospholipids are polar and hydrophilic, facing out towards the water. In between are hydrophobic tails that are non-polar.
27
What are steroids?,
Steroids are a type of lipid that are made from Cholestorol. They are important to the cell membrane in plants and animals. A lot of important hormones come from steroids. Some examples include estrogen, testosterone, and cortisol. STEROIDS ARE NOT SOLUBLE IN A WATER SOLUTION.
28
What are waxes?,
Waxes are HYDROPHOBIC lipids. They are used in nature as a coating dor items that the organism wants to keep dry inside, such as seeds. Waxes are used as an energy storage source in plankton, some fish, and whales.
29
What are proteins and their polymer+monomers?,
Proteins are the most diverse group of macromolecules. Their monomers are amino acids and their polymers are called polypeptides.
30
How many different amino acids are there?,
There are about 20 different ones that link together and determine different functions of the proteins.
31
Describe the structure of a general amino acid.,
It has a central carbon atom that is bound to a hydrogen atom and 3 functional groups. Those are an amino group, a carboxylic group, and then a side group called r-groups. (R stands for residue).
32
What are the 8 types of proteins and their functions?,
1) Enzyme - speed up the process of chemical reactions. (Ex: Digestive System) 2) Defensive - Protecting against disease. (Ex: Antibiotics) 3) Storage - They store the amino acids (ovalbumin) 4) Transport - Transportinf substances 5) Hormonal - Coordinated organisms activity (insulin) 6) Receptor - Response of cell to chemical stimuli (nerve cells) 7) Contractile + Motor - Movement (cilia flagella - motor. Actin + myosin - contract) 8) Structural - support (keratin, collagen)
33
What are peptide bonds?,
When amino acids are joined by peptide bonds through dehydration synthesis. Peptide bonds are STRONG COVALENT.
34
What is denaturing a protein and how can we do this?,
Denaturing is when the form of the protein is lost, therefore losing its function. This can be done by increasing temperature, change in pH, or increasing salt concentration.
35
What would happen if hemoglobin was denatured?,
It would lose its ability to carry oxygen.
36
What are the 4 levels of the protein structure?,
1) Primary. The order of amino acids in the protein (this step determines the final shape of the protein). 2) Secondary. The basic shape of a large portion of the molecule. Either an alpha helix shape, a beta pleated shape, or a mix. 3) Tertiary. The percice 3-Dimensional structure of the folded protein chain. This is when the R Groups come together. 4) Quaternary. Arrangement of multiple protein chains interacting as a single unit.
37
How does the primary stage determine the secondary and tertiary structures?,
Because the chemical nature of the R groups of amino acids. The form = function.
38
What are nucleic acids and their monomers and polymers?,
Nucleic acids are what carry genetic information for the cell. The polymers are DNA or RNA strands, and the monomers are nucleotides. These are joined by dehydration reactions.
39
What does DNA carry?,
The genetic code that the cell uses to make protein, and control cell development and function.
40
What are the components of a DNA nucleotide?,
Deoxyribose (5 carbon sugar), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
41
What are the nitrogenous bases found in DNA?,
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine. (They are bonded together through weak hydrogen bonds).
42
Stretches of DNA are organized into functional units called ___?,
Genes. They hold the informtation to make one or more proteins.
43
What kind of sugar molecule does RNA have?,
A ribose sugar. This means it DOES have the oxygen on carbon.
44
What is mRNA?,
Messenger RNA. It is a single strand complementary copy of DNA.
45
What are transcription and translation?,
Transcription is when the RNA copy is made, and translation is when the mRNA transfers the information from the DNA to direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.
46
What replaces Thymine in RNA?,
Uracil.
47
What are Pruines?,
Double ringed. Guanine and Adenine. (Pure As Gold).
48
What are Pyrimidines?,
Single ringed. Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil.
49
What are 3 structural differences between DNA and RNA?,
1) DNA is double strands and RNA is single strands. 2) DNA has thymine, and RNA has uracil. 3) DNA has deoxyribose sugar, and RNA has ribose sugar.
50
What is the maximum number of atoms that carbon can chemically bond?
4
51
T/F The longest chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule is called the carbon backbone.
TRUE
52
Since carbon has four valence electrons, how many more electrons does carbon need to fill its valence orbit?
4
53
Which of the following is NOT an organic compound? CH4, C6H12O6, H2O, C8H18O
H2O
54
T/F During hydrolysis, water is added to a polymer to break a bond.
TRUE
55
Amino acids are linked together to form proteins. Which reaction would be used?
dehydration
56
Which of the organ systems in the human body would use hydrolysis the most?
digestive
57
What is the structure for Hydroxyl and where is it found
OH, found in sugar and alcohols
58
What is the structure for Carbonyl/Carboxyl and where is it found
Cooh, Found in the acid group amino acids
59
What is the structure for the amino group
NH2, found as the nitrogen group in amino acids
60
what is the structure for Methyl and why is it important
CH3, important in gene expression
61
Which functional group is part of ATP?
Phosphates
62
Which functional group may be found in sugars?
Hydroxyl
63
Which functional groups are found in an amino acid?
carboxyl and amino
64
What is the fomula for carbohydrates
C6H12O6
65
What makes up maltose
glucose + glucose
66
what makes up lactose
glucose + galactose
67
What makes up sucrose
Glucose + fructose
68
What is the reaction used to build a polysaccharide
dehydration synthesis
69
What is the reaction used to break down polysaccharide
Hydrolysis
70
The amino acid is made of a central carbon attached to a hydrogen, a variable ('R') group, and which two functional groups?
Carboxyl & Amino
71
Which structure is the sequence of amino acids
primary structure
72
which structure is the formation of an alpha helix or pleated sheet
secondary structure
73
Which structure is the 3D folding of the chain into a shape
tertiary structure
74
which strucutre has multiple amino acid chains forming a large structure
quaternary structure
75
If a strand of DNA has 30 bases (nucleotides), how many amino acids will it code for?
10
76
Are triglycerides hydrophobic or philic
Phobic
77
Are fatty acids hydrophobic or philic
Phobic
78
Are polar amino acids hydrophobic or philic
Philic
79
Are steroids hydrophobic or philic
Phobic
80
Is cholesterol hydrophobic or philic
Phobic
81
Is estrogen hydrophobic or philic
Phobic
82
Is the phospholipid head hydrophobic or philic
Philic
83
Is glucose hydrophobic or philic
Philic

Summer Bio Final - All Notes (11 decks)

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