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Summer Bio Final - All Notes > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is another name for a cell membrane?,

A

Plasma Membrane

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2
Q

What does a cell membrane do?,

A

It forms a barrier around the cell to separate the cell’s contents from outside the cell.

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3
Q

What 4 types of organic compounds make up the cell membrane?,

A

Phospholipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Colesterol.

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4
Q

What is the most abundant organic compound in the cell membrane?,

A

Phospholipids

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5
Q

What is the main function of the plasma membrane?,

A

Regulating movement of material in and out of the cell.

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6
Q

What does selective permeability mean?,

A

It means the membrane only lets through certain molecules, like small non polar molecules. This is because of the phospholipids that have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails,

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7
Q

Which of the following molecules would move easily through the plasma membrane? Sucrose, Cholesterol, Water, Fatty Acids, Na+, Bicarbonate Ion,

A

Fatty acids and Choleterol

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8
Q

Which of the following molecules would NOT move easily through the plasma membrane? Sucrose, Cholesterol, Water, Fatty Acids, Na+, Bicarbonate Ion,

A

Sucrose, Water, Na+, and Bicarbonate Ion

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9
Q

What are the 2 classifications of proteins in the plasma membrane?,

A

Transmembrane (Integral) and Peripheral.

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10
Q

What are Transmembrane (Integral) Proteins?,

A

Proteins that are embedded into the bilayer and cross from the cytoplasm to outside the cell.

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11
Q

What are Peripheral Proteins?,

A

Proteins that are not embedded into the membrane. but are bound to the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane.

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of membrane proteins?

A

Transport (Carrier and Channel), Emzymes, and Receptors.

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13
Q

What is the function of transport (carrier and channel) membrane proteins?,

A

Transport Proteins allow molecules to selectively transfer through the plasma membrane.
Carrier: They bind with passenger molecules, change their shape, and release them on the other side. This is for travel of large polar molecules like glucose and amino acids.
Channel: They are small hydrophilic tunnels that allow ions and other small poler molecules to enter and exit the cell.

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14
Q

What is the function of an Enzyme?,

A

To act as a catalyst for chemical reactions.

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15
Q

What is the function of a receptor protein?,

A

They act as communication between the cell and its environment. They bind signalling molecules and relay a message by activating other molecules in the cell. They recieve molecules form outside the cell.

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16
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?,

A

It maintains the structure and the fluidity of the cell membrane.

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17
Q

What is a glycoprotein?,

A

A glycoprotein is a protein that is bonded with a carbohydrate. They function as cell to cell recognition, such as white blood cells recognizing infection.

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18
Q

What is a glycolipid?,

A

A glycolipid is a lipid bonded with a carbohydrate. They maintain stability of the cell membrane.

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19
Q

What is a concentration gradient?,

A

The difference in the amount of a particular substance inside and outside of a cell.

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20
Q

Does passive transport require ATP?,

A

No.

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21
Q

What directio do molecules move in passive transport?,

A

“Down the Gradient”, which means from High to Low concentration until equilibrium is reached between the 2 sides of the membrane.

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22
Q

What is simple diffusion?,

A

A type of passive transport where molecules can easily pass through the membrane, down the gradient. These molecules are small nonpolar molecules.

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23
Q

What are two examples of molecules that can easily diffuse across membranes?,

A

O2 and CO2.

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24
Q

Why are large molecules, charged molecules, and polar molecules blocked from crossing?,

A

Because of their size and their inability to interact with the polar and nonpolar parts of the phospholipid bilayer.

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25
What is facilitated diffusion?,
A type of passive transport where channel and carrier proteins are used to help the transport of materials across the membrane.
26
What types of molecules are transported across the membrane during facilitated diffusion?,
Small polar molecules, large polar molecules, and ions. H2O, Glucose, and Amino Acids.
27
In facilitated diffusion, what type of molecules do the channels and carriers move?,
Carrier: Large polar molecules Channel: Small Polar and Ions
28
What is osmosis?,
The movement of water down its concentration gradient across the membrane.
29
What are the special channels called where water travels?,
Aquaporins.
30
Why can't water pass through the plasma membrane?,
Because of the hydrophobic tails in the middle of the phospholipid bilayer.
31
What is tonicity?,
An outside solution that causes a cell to lose or gain water.
32
What area does water move towards to obtain equal concentrations inside and outside of the cell?,
It moves to a region with more solute particles and less water.
33
What is a hypertonic solution?,
The extracellular solution is MORE cpncentrated than the cytoplasm. Water from the cell goes out of the cell and into the solution.
34
What happens to the cell in a hypertonic solution?,
The cell shrinks. There is a lower amount of sodium chloride inside the cell.
35
What is a hypotonic solution?,
The extracellular solution is LESS concentrated than the cytoplasm. Water from outside the cell goes inside the cell.
36
What happens to the cell in a hypotonic solution?,
The cell swells, lyses, and bursts (hemolysis). There is less NaCl outside the cell and more H2O inside the cell.
37
What is an isotinic solution?,
The extracellular solution is the SAME as the cytoplasm. Equal amounts of water moving in and out of the cell.
38
What happens to the cell in an isotonic solution?,
Nothing, it stays the same.
39
Would a plant prefer to recieve water that is hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic?,
Hypotonic, so it can remain turgid (swollen).
40
Would a dog prefer to revieve water that is hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic?,
Isotonic.
41
What is active transport?,
Movement of molecules up the gradient, requires energy.
42
What direction do molecules move in active transport?,
From low to high concentration.
43
Does active transport require ATP?,
Yes.
44
What substances use active transport?,
Large polar substances.
45
What is an example of active transport?,
Na+K+ pump.
46
What are sodium-potassium pumps?,
They are transmembrane proteins that use active transport to move sodium and potassium across the membrane.
47
___ is pumped out of the cell in exchange for pumping ___ into the cell.,
Na+, K+.
48
Describe what a Na+K+ pump does in your own words.,
Pumps Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell to maintain balance of ions for the cell to continue functioning.
49
Would you expect a higher or lower concentration of sodium inside the cell? Outside?,
Lower inside, higher outside.
50
Would you expect a higher or lower concentration of potassium inside the cell? Outside?,
Higher inside, lower outside.
51
What is bulk transport?,
What cells use to move large molecules or volumes across membranes.
52
What is endocytosis?,
When a cell takes in large amounts of molecules.
53
What types of substances are moved across the membrane during endocytosis?,
Large particles and fluids.
54
Does endocytosis need energy?,
Yes.
55
What are the 3 types of endocytosis?,
Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, and Receptor-Mediated cytosis.
56
What is phagocytosis?,
Cell "eating". When a food vacuole takes food from the outside, engulfs it, and breaks it down. Ex) White blood cells digesting bacteria and infection.
57
What is pinocytosis?,
Cell "drinking". Drinking extra cellular fluid and packaging it into vesicles to be used.
58
What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?,
When specific molecules are taken in. Moving in specific molecules with vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in.
59
What types of substances are moved across the membrane during phagocytosis?,
Large molecules like proteins, dead cells, and debri.
60
What types of substances are moved across the membrane during pinocytosis?,
Small droplets of fluid with the dissolved substances (nutrients, ions, and small proteins).
61
What types of substances are moved across the membrane during receptor mediated endocytosis?,
Specific molecules.
62
What is exocytosis?,
Moving large substances or volumes such as wastes OUTSIDE of the cell.
63
How are substances packaged up to be transported out of the cell?,
They are packaged into membrane bound vesicles that move to the cell membrane, fuse with it, and then release their content into the extracellular space.
64
Where do these substances come from?,
They originate from the nuclear envelope and move through the golgi, the rough ER, act and are synthesized, processed, and sorted into vesicles to then be taken out of the cell.
65
What types of substances are transported via exocytosis?,
Bulky molecules like proteins and polysaccharides.
66
What is energy?,
The ability to do work.
67
How do cells use energy?,
They transform energy from one form to another so the cell can perform work. Ex) chemical energy in ATP is converted into movement.
68
What is kinetic energy?,
This is energy that something has while in motion.
69
What is potential energy?,
Stored energy as a result of location or structure.
70
What is chemical energy?,
When potential energy is released. Potential energy stored within chemical bonds.
71
What is the ultimate source of energy on earth?,
The sun.
72
What are the laws of thermodynamics?,
Study of energy from one type to another.
73
What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?,
Energy in the universe is constant, the amount doesn't change. Energy can't be created or destroyed, it can only be transformed or transferred.
74
What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?,
Entropy: Disorder/Randomness of molecules. Heat is energy that is lost and in an unusable form.
75
What is entropy?,
Measure of disorder or randomness.
76
Cells constantly rearrange their cellular contents. How does this relate to the laws of thermodynamics?,
Because the cells are transforming energy to carry out these functions, which relates to the 1st law.
77
Many animals can regulate their body temperature and give off body heat. Is this an example of the 1st or the 2nd law of thermodynamics?,
2nd law.
78
Plants can utilize photosynthesis to capture solar energy (from sunlight) to produce chemical energy (stored as glucose). Is this an example of the 1st or 2nd law of thermodynamics?,
1st law.
79
What does ATP stand for?,
Adenosine Triphosphate
80
What is ATP?,
It is the storage form of energy that powers most forms of cellular work. When the ATP molecule is split, it releases the energy.
81
What are the three chemical components of ATP?,
Adenine, Ribose, and 3 phosphate group.
82
What is the equation for the hydrolysis of ATP?,
ATP → ADP + P + Energy
83
What is the equation for the synthesis of ATP?,
ATP ← ADP + P + Energy
84
What are the 2 types of chemical reactions?,
Endergonic and Exergonic.
85
What is an Endergonic reaction?,
A reaction that absorbs and stores energy. They take lower potential energy reactants and turn them into high potential energy products. There must be an INPUT of energy.
86
What is an example of an endergonic reaction?,
Photosynthesis
87
Which way does potential energy move in endergonic reactions?,
From low potential energy to high.
88
What is an Exergonic reaction?,
A reaction that releases energy.
89
What is an example of an exergonic reaction?,
Cellular resperation.
90
Which way does potential energy move in exergonic reactions?,
From high potential energy to low.
91
Is the breakdown of ATP endergonic or exergonic?,
Exergonic.
92
Is the formation of ATP endergonic or exergonic?,
Endergonic.
93
Explain why combustion reactions (burning) are exergonic.,
Because it releases heat, and it deson't need outside energy to happen.
94
Explain why photosynthesis is an endergonic reaction.,
Because it requires the input of sunlight to start the reactoin.
95
What are the 2 types of metabolic chemical reactions?,
Anabolism and Catabolism.
96
What is anabolism?,
Building up complex molecules (photosynthesis).
97
What is catabolism?,
Breaking down complex molecules (cellular respiration).
98
Which type of reaction would include dehydration synthesis?,
Anabolic.
99
Which type of reaction would include hydrolysis?,
Catabolic.
100
Are anabolic reactions endergonic or exergonic?,
Endergonic.
101
Are catabolic reactions endergonic or exergonic?,
Exergonic.
102
Give an example of an anabolic and a catabolic reaction inside a cell.,
Anabolic: Photosynthesis. Catabolic: Cellular Respiration.
103
What are enzymes?,
A catalyst for chemical reactions. They speed up the process by lowering the amount of activation energy.
104
What is activation energy?,
It is the initial energy input of a chemical reaction. Think of it like a barrier for the start.
105
What is a substrate? How does the enzyme convert the substrate into products?.
Substrates are the reactants. The enzyme has a space where they lock in on the active site. They bond together and the enzyme then stretches the bond to proceed in the chemical reaction. The enzyme then breaks it into products.
106
Are enzymes substrate specific?,
Yes.
107
What temperature and pH do most human enzymes function best at?,
98.6°F and a pH of 7.4
108
Can enzymes be denatured? Why or why not?,
Yes, because they work in specific conditions for different enzymes.
109
How would a change in temperature and pH influence enzyme function?
Temperature: High temperatures cause an enzyme to have a higher reaction rate until they eventually denature. pH: Digestive enzymes can't function in a high pH.
110
Explain why cells need cell membranes
to help the cell keep their shape and act as a barrier from the surroundings
111
What is teh composition of the plasma membrane (4)
Phospholipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Cholesterol.
112
Define the term 'selective permeability'
only certain things are allowed to pass through the membrane
113
Name and describe the structure and function of the glycoproteins and glycoplipids
Glycoprotein: Protein + Carb, responsible for cell recognition Glycolipid: lipid + carb, helps with stability
114
what are the two types of diffusion
simple (passive) and facilitated
115
Describe the process of diffusion including: Concentrated gradient, passive transport, and an example
The transport of different molecules through the membrane. Moves from high to low concentration gradient meaning it is passive and does not require energy. An example would be breathing
116
Compare/Contrast Diffusion to osmoisis
osmosis deals with water and its movement via aquaporins while difffusion works with molecuels passage through the memebrane
117
How has the highest amount of solute: Hyper, hypo, iso
Hyper
118
What happens when a human cell is in an isotonic solution? Hyper? Hypo?
Iso: nothing Hyper: shrivels Hypo: Swells and lyses
119
Difine osmoregulation
regulation of osmotic pressure hwich helps maintain water balance and electrolyte concentration.
120
Why are transport proteins needed in the plasma membrane
To help molecules travel through the membrane that otherwise couldn't such as: water, ions, amino acids, and glucose
121
Describe facilitated diffusion. does it require atp?
channel and carirer proteins are used to facilitate the transport of material without ATP. They don't need ATP since the proteins are in the membrane
122
Describe active diffusion. does it require atp?
Moves substances up the concentration gradient and therefore needs atp
123
When do cells use endocystosis and exocytosis
for bulk transport in (endo) and out (exo) of the cell
124
Define Kenetic energy, potential energy, chemical energy
KE: Motion (Heat) PE: Stored energy CE: PE released
125
What are the first 2 laws of thermodynamics
1: energy is neither created or destroyed, just reused 2: Entropy, randomness of particles and energy lost as heat
126
For endogonic/exogonic reactions, how do the reactions start? do the products have more or less energy than the reactants? anabolic/catabolic examples of each
Energonic: absorb/store energy. Takes lower potential energy reactants and make high potential energy. anabolic (builds).photosyntensis Exogonic: release energy, high potential energy reactants beome low potential energy products. catabolic (breakdown). cellular respiration
127
Is the building of amino acids an anabolic or catabolic
anabolic
128
What is atp? why is it important? what is its structure?
atp is the storage form of energy that powers the cell. It is made of adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups
129
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy. what does this statement mean? define energy of activation
an enzyme is a catalyst for cemical energy, lowering the amount of energy required for a reation to take place (acttivation energy)
130
How does an enzyme act as a catalyst for a reaction
it speeds up the chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy
131
how can the environment affect enzyme activity?
if an ezyme becomes too hot/cold or is in an unfitting pH, it will denature and not work.
132
what can denature enzymes
heat and pH change

Summer Bio Final - All Notes (11 decks)

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